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追捕希格斯粒子
粒子狂热
CERN 欧洲粒子物理研究所
我也不知道 有的人会这样吧 No, I don't know. - A few people.
大卫·卡普兰 理论物理学家
那感觉糟透了 I was... it was terrible.
或许明天会好一点 Tomorrow's will be better.
我不确定我能这么说 I don't think I can say that.
起码不能没有证据 Say it in a public forum.
就公开这样说 I need... I need evidence.
它很大吧 It's big, no?
从我涉足物理领域起 Ever since I entered physics,
人们就一直在谈论这个机器 people have been talking abou t this machine.
这个大型强子对撞机 The Large Hadron Collider,
一个人类有史以来建造过的最大的机器 the biggest machine ever built by human beings,
在经过多年的 is finally going to turn on.
等待和理论支持 And after many, many years
终于等到启动的那一天了 of waiting and theorizing
那些关于物质是怎么形成的 about how matter got created
以及关于自然界更深层次 and about what the deep fundamental theory
的基本理论 of nature is...
终于可以得到验证了 all those theories are finally going to be tested,
我们可以因此获得一些结果 and we're gonna know something.
虽然目前我们不知道结果会是怎样 And we don't know what it's gonna be now,
但我们肯定会得到结果的 but we will know,
而这将会改变一切 and it's gonna change everything.
如果这个大型强子对撞机检测到了新的粒子 And if the LHC sees new particles,
那就证明我们的路线是对的 we're on the right track.
如果没有检测到 那不仅仅是失去了一次机会 And if it doesn't, not only have we missed something,
甚至可能我们永远都没法成功 but we may not ever know how to proceed.
这是一个很重要的转折点 We are at a fork in the road,
成功的话我们将会进入一个黄金时代 and it's either going to be a golden era...
噢！ Oh!
或者失败而变得一无所有 Or it's going to be quite stark.
在历史上从没发生过这种 And I've never heard of a moment like this in history,
整个领域的未来寄托在一件事上 where an entire field is hinging on a single event.
- 你好 - 你好 - Hi. - Hi.
- 我是大卫 - 我是法比奥拉 - I'm David. - I'm Fabiola.
很高兴认识你 法比奥拉 Fabiola, nice to meet you.
法比奥拉·吉亚诺蒂 项目主管
那个 有人告诉我最好站在这边看 - So, look, I have suggested to be on this side
因为这个大轮子非常壮观 because this big wheel is quite spectacular.
是的 是的 Yeah, yeah.
前所未见地 More than ever,
这个项目需要理论物理学家 this will require the collaboration
与实验物理学家合作 between the theory and experimentalists,
所以这应该是一段美好的时光 so it would be a very nice period
大家相互协作 where we work together and, uh...
对于我来说能够和实验学家合作将会很有趣 - Well, it's fun to finally interact with experimentalists.
因为我以前只是天天坐在办公室里 I mean, I used to be just in my office,
满脑子都是些疯狂的想法 coming up with, you know, crazy ideas.
到这里来做你的计算吧
就在这个大家伙面前
没错 你会灵感迸发的
这真是个大家伙 It's a big thing.
人们都在期待这个机器的启动 There is a general sense waiting for this machine to start,
我们花费了很多年才建好这个巨大的机器 this massive machine that has taken so many years to build.
我们对于这次能发现什么都满怀期待 We are all in great anticipation of what it might find.
ASPEN物理学中心论坛
甚至在这台机器运转之前 And every time there's even a rumor
每当有关于新粒子被发现 that a new particle is discovered...
这样的流言出现 even before it turns on...
整个物理学界就会陷入狂热 the entire field goes into a fever pitch.
这个实验最初是在80年代中期开始设计的 The experiment was designed initially in the mid '80s
然后花了这么长的时间去建设 and has taken this long to construct.
有超过100个国家的一万多人参与进来 There are 10,000 people of over 100 nationalities.
也包括了那些 That includes countries
相互敌对的国家 which are mortal enemies of each other,
比如印度与巴基斯坦 格鲁吉亚与俄罗斯 like India and Pakistan, and Georgia and Russia,
伊朗与以色列 and Iran and Israel.
他们都有自己国家的物理学家参与进来 All have physicists working on this machine.
这个蓝色的大家伙 These big blue things are 7-ton
是个有7吨重的超导磁铁 superconducting magnets,
必须要通过液氦冷却 which have to be cooled with liquid helium
到地球上能达到的最低温度 to the coldest temperatures on Earth,
比太空还要冷 colder than empty space.
世界上一共有超过十万台电脑 There are 100,000 computers
连在一起来共同处理这些数据 connected all over the world to deal with the data.
事实上 互联网是由欧洲粒子物理研究所创造的 In fact, the worldwide web was invented at CERN
为了使世界各地的物理学家 so that physicists all over the planet
可以分享数据 could share the data.
美国曾经在德克萨斯州建造过一个类似的机器 The United States was building a machine just like this,
事实上比现在这台还要大 in fact, a bigger machine, in Texas,
但当时他们遇到了一个小小的技术问题 but they ran into a small technical difficulty.
“我怀疑没有人会相信 - I doubt anyone believes that the most pressing issues
纽约州议员 舍伍德·贝勒特
对一个国家来说最迫切的问题 facing the nation include an insufficient understanding
包括对于宇宙起源的了解不足” of the origins of the universe.
不幸的是 这个超导超级对撞机的提案 - Unfortunately, the Superconducting Super Collider
在1993年被美国国会否决了 was canceled by Congress in 1993.
最后他们说“如果我们不去做的话 - And finally, he's saying, "Well, if we don't do it,
那帮欧洲人也会做的” the Europeans will do it."
让他们去做吧！ Let them do it!
科罗拉多州议员 乔尔·赫夫利
我们将“借用”他们的技术 就像他们“借用”我们的一样 We'll steal their technology like they steal our technology.
这件事的政治色彩很浓 It got very political.
德克萨斯州 沃克西哈奇
因为它需要投入很大一笔钱 而且相当复杂 It was very expensive, very complicated.
复杂到我们自己都很难解释 It's hard for physicists to explain
我们为什么要去做这么一个实验 why we do these kinds of experiments.
建造这个机器并不是用于军事目的 The purpose of the machine is not military application.
也不是用于商业目的 It's not commercial application.
而是去探究最基本的物理法则 It's to understand something about the basic laws of physics.
对于粒子物理学家来说 他们分为两类 There are two kinds of particle physicists:
一类是实验物理学家 there are the experimentalists.
他们建造大型机器 做实验 They built the big machines, run the experiments,
分析数据 试图去发现新的事物 analyze the data, and try to discover things,
像是新的粒子 like new particles;
另一类是理论物理学家 比如我 And then there are the theorists, like me.
大卫·卡普兰 约翰·霍普金斯大学
我们构建能够用来解释 We construct the theories
自然界中发生的所有事情的理论 that try to explain everything we see in nature.
如果没有我们 实验学家们将失去前进的方向 Without us, the experimentalists are in the dark,
但是如果没有他们 but without them,
我们永远也不知道真相是什么 we'll never know the truth.
“我的意思是 如果你去的话 也不会很糟糕吧” - I mean, if you go, it won't be so terrible.
当我还在斯坦福大学念书的时候 我有一个导师 When I was at Stanford, I had a mentor:
萨瓦斯·迪玛普鲁斯 Savas Dimopoulos.
萨瓦斯只喜欢挑战那些最大的难题 Savas only likes to work on the biggest puzzles.
“现在 单纯为了好玩 Now, just for fun,
萨瓦斯·迪玛普鲁斯 理论物理学家 斯坦福大学
我要告诉你们一些可以促进科技进步的事情” I wanted to tell you that the enabling technologies that...
他有一些很著名的理论将要在 - He has some of the most famous theories
大型强子对撞机上面检验 that will be tested at the LHC,
但现在他还不知道这些理论中有没有正确的 but he doesn't know if any of them are true,
所以他和我们一样对结果十分期待 so there's an intensity with which he approaches physics.
如果他写的某篇论文是可能获得诺贝尔奖的 If he works on a paper that could result in a Nobel Prize,
那他最多只会和两个人合作发表这篇论文 he doesn't allow more than three people on the paper,
因为你最多只能和两个人 because you can only share the Nobel Prize
分享一个诺贝尔奖 with three people.
这就是他现在所达到的级别 That's the level at which he's operating
以及他对物理学界所造成的影响力 and the impac t he's trying to have.
“这将带领我们超越原子物理学的边界” - Takes us beyond the confines of atomic physics.
在粒子物理学界 In particle physics,
你首先要有最基础的知识量 you have to have a threshold amount of intelligence,
无论那意味着什么 whatever that means.
但是唯一可以区分不同科学家的 But the thing that differentiates scientists
是他们的艺术才能 is purely an artistic ability
能够识别什么是正确的观点 to discern what is a good idea,
什么是特别美的观点 what is a beautiful idea,
什么是值得你花时间在上面的 what is worth spending time on,
最后 最重要的是 and, most importantly,
发现那些足够有趣的 what is a problem that is sufficiently interesting,
但又能给你足够多的挑战 yet sufficiently difficult
同时还没有被解决过的问题 that it hasn't yet been solved,
而现在就是解决这种问题的时候了 but the time for solving it has come now?
尼玛·阿卡尼-哈米德 理论物理学家 普林斯顿大学高等研究院
人们为了等待这个大型强子对撞机的实验 - So people have been waiting for this experiment,
已经等了太久了 the LHC, for a very long time.
类似的事情从来没有发生过 Nothing like it has ever happened.
这个领域里所有的大腕都来了 All the superlatives are justified.
这也是人们一直在宣传的 This is the case where the hype is...
他们宣传的是 the hype is approximately accurate.
能让大概三千多人 To get, you know, 3,000 people
齐心协力进行这个实验 to work on an experiment together,
而这个实验的目标是去了解 whose goal is to understand
比质子还要小上一千多倍 what's going on at distances a thousand times smaller
的世界里在发生什么 than the proton...
这是...这是一个意义重大的实验 this is... this is a really extraordinary testament
对于那些...那些作为人类 to what... to some of the highest ideals
所能拥有的最高的理想的证明 we can have as human beings.
这真的太... It's...
尼玛和我差不多同一时间拿到博士学位的 - Nima and I got our PhDs around the same time.
但他的成就远超过我 He's a couple years ahead of me.
他是我们这一代人中的明星 And Nima is the star of our generation,
也是我们大家都尊敬的榜样 and he's the guy we all followed and looked up to
我们都想努力赶上他的成就 and tried to keep up with
如果可以的话 我们甚至想超过他 and tried to outpace if we could.
从70年代中期开始 Since the mid '70s,
我们就提出了一个很成功的理论 we've had an amazingly successful theory of nature
我们称之为粒子物理学标准模型 that we call the Standard Model of particle physics.
但处在这个理论的中心让人感到很难受 But sitting in the heart of the theory is a sickness,
因为这个理论是个非常概念化的问题 very, very glaring conceptual problems
已经影响到了我们对于它的理解 that infected this fantastic understanding.
为什么宇宙这么大？ Why is the universe big?
为什么重力比其他的力都要弱很多？ Why is gravity so much weaker than all the other forces?
这个理论对于上面这些问题的回答 The kinds of answers that this theory gives to these questions
显得特别荒谬 seems so patently absurd
荒谬到使我们认为我们一直忽略了一些非常重要的东西 that we think that we're missing something very, very big.
在所有这些事情之上 And on top of all of that,
人们对于这个理论还有个猜测 there is one prediction of this theory...
这个猜测重要到如果没有它 absolutely crucial for it to even make
这个理论就根本不成立 internal theoretical sense...
这就是著名的希格斯粒子 and this is the famous Higgs particle.
这个希格斯粒子 或者其他类似的粒子必须被发现 The Higgs, or something like it, must show up.
如果它们没有被发现 If it doesn't show up,
那我们一定是犯了什么错误 there's something truly, deeply wrong,
非常非常严重的错误 very, very, deeply wrong
基于我们理解物理学的方式 with the way we think about physics.
我们有足够的理由相信 There are strong reasons
上面那些问题的答案 to think that some of these questions
我们都能通过大型强子对撞机找到 will find answers at the LHC.
我们从来不缺少对于 There's been no shortage of ideas
实验结果会是什么样的想法 for what they might be,
但是这真的将会是我们这些人 but this is really this generation of people's...
我们这代人...唯一的机会了 my generation of people's... only shot.
大型强子对撞机首次启动测试一周前
啊 老大来了 Ah, so the boss comes.
我根本就不吃东西也不睡觉
我什么都不需要
一定会成功的
一定
我是1987年来到欧洲粒子物理研究所的 I first came to CERN in 1987.
我那时还非常年轻 大学都没有毕业 I was a very young undergraduate student,
我还记得我第一次踏进这个研究所的时候 and I remember the first time I entered the site.
被这里的主楼的走廊 I was a bit scared by the corridors
给吓坏了 in the CERN main site,
我差一点在这些走廊里迷了路 so I was almost lost in those corridors.
对我来说 那是一个特别美好的体验 For me, it has been a wonderful experience,
法比奥拉·吉亚诺蒂
因为我有机会能够 because I had the chance of being involved
从一开始就参与进来 right from the beginning
能看着一个实验从零开始 and to see, really, an experiment from starting and...
一点点做到现在 from zero, essentially.
我去过不少这种地方 - I've seen two inventors place out of the ten,
而我几乎从来没有 and we probably have seen...
我真的无法形容首次启动测试 - I don't think I can describe right now
的时候我们有多激动 the excitement about first beam.
整个控制室里面就像是 I mean, the entire control room
充满了一群六岁大的小孩 is like a group of six-year-olds
而他们下个星期就要过生日了 whose birthday is next week, you know,
莫妮卡·邓福德 以超环面仪器实验作为博士后课题
在生日会上 and there's going to be cake,
有蛋糕 有礼物 and there's going to be presents,
他们的好朋友都会来参加 and all their friends are going to be there,
他们都...你懂的 and they just, you know...
他们知道那是件好事 they just know it's going to be great.
“他们都是分散着的 You know, they're kind of scattered,
我真的无法想象 因为他们并没有那么大 对吧？” and I can't imagine, 'cause they're not that big, right?
我以博士后的身份在这里工作了一年 I've been a postdoc here for a year,
所以我还只是个新人 so I'm a relative newcomer.
但我来的时机很完美 But my timing is sort of perfect.
当数据在你面前 I mean, to be on the ground floor
第一次显示出来的时候 when the data first comes...
那种感觉简直太棒了 it's awesome.
“那意味着我有5000封邮件” That means I have 5,000 emails.
理论物理学家和实验物理学家 There's a huge difference
之间有很大的区别 between theorists and experimentalists.
当我刚上大学的时候 I mean, when I started college,
我从没想过要涉足物理领域 I absolutely did not want to do physics.
对我来说物理学的一切都特别无聊 Physics meant to me everything that was boring:
课本 理论 证明 textbooks, theories, proofs.
但当我开始接触到物理实验的时候 But then I discovered the experimental side,
实验归根结底还是需要动手的 and the experimental side is the hands-on aspect.
关键是要利用已有的抽象理论 It's about taking a theory,
通过实验来使它们立体起来 which is abstract, and making it real.
如何构建一个实验 How do you build an experiment
来探索理论所预测的结果 to discover something that the theory predicts?
我深深的爱上物理学的这一面 And that aspect is what I love.
很奇怪 这个时候警报不应该响
这个指数从来没有这么低过
当然 在搭建整个设备的时候 Of course, when constructing the whole thing,
有时候我们也会想 we several times thought,
马丁·阿莱卡萨 超环面仪器实验协调员
“万一整个事情都不按我们预想的那样发展该怎么办？” "What if the whole thing just does not work?"
但现在我相信这次是一定会成功的 I really believe now this will work,
而下一个问题是 我们能否发现什么 but the next thing is, will we ever find something?
也许我们并不会发现任何新的东西 So maybe we will just find nothing new.
而那对于物理学界来说将是灾难性的 It would be a catastrophe for physics.
那样的话 从某种意义上来说 We would, somehow...
所有这些需要我们去解答的问题 none of the open questions which we have at the moment
都永远不会有答案 would've been answered.
这个大型强子对撞机其实是一个很基本的实验 - So the LHC is basically the most fundamental of experiments.
每个人在小时候都会设计的实验 It's like what any child would design as an experiment.
你有两样东西 然后把他们两个撞在一起 You take two things, and you smash them together.
这样你就得到了很多新的东西 And you get a lot of stuff that comes out of that collision,
然后你再试图去理解这些新的东西 and you try to understand that stuff.
就目前来说 Now, in this case,
我们要做的是让小小的质子相撞 what we're smashing together is tiny protons,
这些质子存在于所有原子的中心 which are inside the center of every atom.
为了让它们在对撞时的速度尽可能地大 And in order to get them going as fast as possible,
我们建造了一条27公里长的环状管道 we have to build this huge 17-mile ring,
然后使那些质子沿着圆环多次旋转 and we run those protons around the ring multiple times
使其加速至接近光速 to build up speed, almost to the speed of light,
然后我们使两束以相反方向运动的质子束在4个点相撞 and then we collide two beams going in opposite directions
在这4个点分别做4个不同的实验 at four points,
超环面仪器实验(ATLAS) 底夸克探测器实验(LHCb) and at those four points are four different experiments:
紧凑渺子线圈实验(CMS) 以及大型离子对撞器实验(ALICE) ATLAS, LHCb, CMS, and ALICE.
我目前负责超环面仪器实验 Now, I work on the ATLAS experiment.
超环面仪器就像是一个七层楼高的相机 And ATLAS is like a huge seven-story camera
它可以拍摄到每一次单独碰撞的快照 that takes a snapshot of every single collision,
这些碰撞总共有数十亿次之多 and that's billions of collisions.
希望能够看到传说中的希格斯粒子 And the hope is that we'll see the very famous Higgs particle.
每次我们在更高的能量下 But every time we've turned on the new accelerator
开启新的加速器 at a higher energy,
我们总会发现惊喜 we've always been surprised.
总而言之我们最期待的是能够发现希格斯粒子 So the real hope is that we'll see the Higgs,
但我们也会有其他惊人的发现 but that there's also something amazingly new.
你可以把这个实验比作人类登月 - You can liken it to when we put a man on the moon.
需要付出那么大的努力才行 It's that level of collaborative effort.
其实我想说 这个规模比登月还要大 I would say, even bigger than that.
更贴切的比喻是 This is closer to something like
就像古埃及人建造金字塔 human beings building the Pyramids.
他们为什么要这么做？ Why did they do it?
我们为什么要这么做？ Why are we doing it?
事实上对此我们有两个答案 We actually have two answers.
第一个是我们用来向别人解释的 One answer is what we tell people,
第二个才是真相 and the other answer is the truth.
我把两个都告诉你们 I'll tell you both.
其实第一个答案并没有什么问题 And there's nothing incorrect about the first answer.
只是...那并不是驱使我们前进的动力 It's just... it doesn't... it's not the thing that drives us.
我们也并不是那样认为的 It's not how we think about it,
但那是能把这件事最快解释清楚的说法 but it's something you can say quickly,
这样你对面的人不会感到无聊而转移话题 and the person you're talking to won't, you know,
或者直接晕倒 或者如果你们坐在飞机上的话 get diverted or pass out or pick up the SkyMall catalog
让他直接拿起座位上的购物手册看了起来 if you happen to be next to them on an airplane.
好了 第一个回答 Answer number one:
我们正在再造宇宙大爆炸 we are reproducing the physics,
刚刚发生后的物理条件 the conditions, just after the big bang.
我们在对撞机里面进行粒子对撞 We're doing it in this collider,
就是为了能够重现 and we're reproducing that so we can see what it was like
宇宙刚刚形成时的样子 when the universe just started.
这就是我们的解释 This is what we tell people.
好了 现在是第二个答案 Okay, answer two:
我们在试图去理解最基本的自然法则 we are trying to understand the basic laws of nature.
这个答案听上去要稍微柔和一些 It sounds slightly more mild,
但这才是我们真正想要去了解的东西 but this is really where we are and what we're trying to do.
我们之所以研究粒子 是因为在宇宙大爆炸刚刚发生后 We study particles, because just after the big bang,
剩下的就只有粒子了 all there was was particles,
每个粒子上面都携带着宇宙是怎么形成的信息 and they carried the information about how our universe started
以及宇宙是怎么变成现在这样的 and how it got to be the way it is
未来的宇宙会是什么样 and its future.
在20世纪初 At the beginning of the 1900s,
我们知道了所有已知的物质 it became clear that all known matter,
世间万物都是由 everything that we know about,
原子构成的 is made of atoms,
而原子又由3个粒子组成 and that atoms are made of just three particles:
电子 质子和中子 the electron, the proton, and the neutron.
在上个世纪三十年代的时候 其他粒子陆续被发现 In the '30s, other particles were discovered,
到了六十年代 and by the 1960s,
人们已经发现了上百个新的粒子 there were hundreds of new particles,
平均每个星期就会有一个新的粒子被发现 with a new particle discovered every week.
但人们对这些发现仍然感到很困扰 And there was mass confusion,
直到有些理论物理学家认识到 until a number of theorists realized
一个简单的数学结构 that there was a simple mathematical structure
可以解释所有这一切 that explained all of this,
大多数这些粒子 that most of these particles
都是由同样的3个最小单元组成的 were made of the same three little bits
我们称之为夸克 we call quarks,
然而仅有少数的 and that there are only a handful
真正的基本粒子 of truly fundamental particles,
它们全部以一个精确而简洁的方式结合在一起 which all fit together in a nice, neat pattern.
标准模型理论也由此被提出 And there was born the Standard Model.
最终 这个理论里的所有粒子都被人们发现了 Eventually, all the particles in the theory
除了希格斯粒子 were discovered, except one: the Higgs.
希格斯粒子跟其他粒子不同 And the Higgs is unlike any other particle.
它是整个标准模型理论的核心 It's the linchpin of the Standard Model.
这个理论在上世纪六十年代被彼得·希格斯 Its theory was written down in the 1960s by Peter Higgs
和其他的一些理论物理学家提出 and a number of other theorists.
我们相信希格斯粒子就是那个最为重要的 We believe it is the crucial piece
可以把所有物质联系在一起的关键 responsible for holding matter together.
它将粒子场与那些给定的粒子 It is connected to a field which fills all of space
比如电子 质量联系在一起 and which gives particles, like the electron, mass
并允许它们在原子中被捕获 and allowed them to get caught in atoms
因而对形成原子和分子 产生行星 and thus is responsible for the creation of atoms,
以及人类起源都有重要意义 molecules, planets, and people.
没有希格斯粒子 我们已知的所有生命都不会存在 Without the Higgs, life as we know it wouldn't exist.
但为了证明这个猜想是正确的 But to prove that it's true,
我们必须用足够高的能量打碎结合在一起的粒子 we have to smash particles together at high enough energy
扰乱这个粒子场并产生希格斯粒子 to disturb the field and create a Higgs particle.
如果希格斯粒子存在的话 If the Higgs exists,
大型强子对撞机可以帮助我们发现它 the LHC is the machine that will discover it.
假设你们成功了 并且得到的所有结果都是正确的 - Let's assume you're successful and everything comes out okay.
-好的 -那我们可以从中得到些什么？ - Sure. - What do we gain from it?
我们能够从中获利吗 What's the economic return?
你应该如何解释这件事 How do you justify all this?
顺便说下 我是个经济学家 By the way, I am an economist.
我不会因为这个而反对你的 I don't hold it against you.
这位经济学家提出的问题是 The question by an economist was,
“进行这个实验 我们可以因此获得多少经济收益 "What is the financial gain of running an experiment like this
以及我们的发现意味着什么？” and the discoveries that we will make in this experiment?"
对此我有一个非常简单的答案 And it's a very, very simple answer.
我也不知道 I have no idea.
我们都不知道 We have no idea.
当无线电波被人们发现的时候 When radio waves were discovered,
人们不叫他无线电波 they weren't called radio waves,
因为那时候还没有无线电 because there were no radios.
他们认为那只是某种辐射 They were discovered as some sort of radiation.
基本上每一次重大的科学发现 Basic science for big breakthroughs
都需要先达到一定的层面 needs to occur at a level
并不是去问“我们可以因此获得多少经济收益？” where you're not asking, "What is the economic gain?"
而是要问“还有什么是我们不知道的？ You're asking, "What do we not know,
我们下一步该怎么做？” and where can we make progress?"
所以这个大型强子对撞机对我们来说有什么好处？ So what is the LHC good for?
恐怕只剩下能让我们理解所有事情这一点了 Could be nothing other than just understanding everything.
我第一次见到超环面仪器是在2005年 - The first time I ever saw ATLAS was in 2005.
我来这里就是为了看这个超环面仪器是什么样的 I had come out just to see what ATLAS would look like
因为这个实验很有可能会作为 because there was a possibility that I could be working on it
我的博士后课题 as a postdoc.
我深深地记得当我第一次踏进实验室的时候 I can remember walking in and just being like...
我直接被...震惊到了 You know, just stunned.
我是说 我 被震惊到了 真的 I mean, me, stunned, you know, just, you know,
虽然我当时脑子里已经有了大概的样子 already kind of having an idea of the magnitude.
人们告诉你说“噢 那个家伙有五层楼那么高” People tell you, "Oh, it's five stories tall."
然后你会说“噢 好的 五层楼那么高” And you go, "Oh, okay, five stories tall."
等到你亲眼看到 And then you see.
这个五层楼高的 由许多微电子设备所组成的设备 Five stories completely filled with microelectronics...
整部设备都是由人们设计并且亲手焊接的 All custom designed, all hand-soldered.
就像是一个五层楼高的瑞士手表那样复杂 You know, it's like as if it's a five-story Swiss watch.
2008年9月10日
首次启动测试当天
我们这边出了点问题 - There was this issue about the BCIDs.
有一断加长管道被提前释放了 - We had our extended barrel out earlier,
应该可以把它放回去 那样我们就可以 but it should be back in, and we should be...
那样的话就一切正常了 everything running normal.
好的 最后一件事 - Okay, so one more announcement.
我们在使用这个系统的时候 We have to be extremely careful
必须非常非常的小心 what we do to the system.
我的意思是如果有一个人 I mean, we know that anybody
仅仅是更新了一处数据 who's even updating a number somewhere
很可能就会使整个系统停滞1个多小时 might stop our system for more than an hour quite easily.
所以做事情前请一定要三思 So please be absolutely sure that you yourself
管好你们手下的人不要随便碰系统 and everybody in your system is not touching the system,
除非你得到了领头的允许 明白了吗 unless it's been agreed by the shift leader, yeah?
答应我 不要碰任何东西 Nothing should be touched, yeah?
这包括所有事情 And that includes all things
即使是那些 that you're absolutely dead certain
你非常有把握的事 they will not do anything wrong.
特别是你非常有把握的事 Especially those things.
瑞士 梅林
这被称作是有史以来规模最大的 - It's being called the largest scientific experiment
科学实验 in history,
甚至有人说它会造成世界末日 and some say one that could cause Armageddon.
这也是有史以来最特别的一次实验 - It's the strangest experiment ever:
人类为了理解世间万物 mankind's most ambitious attempt
所做的最有野心的尝试 to understand how we all got here.
欧洲粒子物理研究所 控制中心
来自世界各地的上千名科学家 - Thousands of scientists from around the world
花费了20多年设计建造出了这个非凡的机器 spent 20 years designing an extraordinary machine.
这个总共花费了50亿英镑的庞然大物即将启动 It cost 5 billion pounds and will switching on very soon.
这是一部创世的机器 This is a genesis machine,
可以打开创造万物秘诀的窗口 a window on creation.
历经了五个月的测试 Five months of testing on...
他们在寻找一个被称作上帝粒子的东西 - They're looking for something called the God Particle,
但是怀疑论者说没有人知道 but skeptics are saying nobody knows what will happen
当开关按下去后将会发生什么 when they turn on the switch.
一组来自法国的科学家们相信 - A group of French scientists believe the collider
这个对撞机将会生成一个黑洞 might create a black hole
而这个黑洞会吞噬整个地球 that could swallow up the earth,
他们甚至提起诉讼要求中止这个项目 and they filed suit to stop the project from going forward.
你好 Hello?
地球将在9月10日消失
不 完全不可能 No, absolutely not.
他们提出的观点完全没有理论依据 Well, no, there is no scientific ground to what they say.
法比奥拉·吉亚诺蒂
大型强子对撞机不可能毁灭整个世界 It's not possible that the LHC is going to destroy the world.
这简直太荒谬了 It's absolutely ridiculous.
好的 现在是9点15分 Okay, it is 9:15.
距离首次启动测试开始还剩15分钟 We are 15 minutes away from beam.
莫妮卡·邓福德
我们从早上7点就坐在这了 We've been sitting here, about 7:00,
也没人给我们送吃的来 and absolutely nobody brought food.
再说一遍 还剩15分钟！ Again, 15 minutes to beam.
-你好 你好 -每个人都特别的紧张 - Ciao, ciao. - Stress levels are high.
你好 Ciao.
但是因为房间里都是意大利人 - But since I'm in a room full of Italians,
所以也就不怎么感觉紧张了 the stress level's pretty cool here.
而且我们也没有咖啡 But we have no coffee either.
谁会带咖啡来 No coffee. Who didn't bring coffee?
我们今天将要看到的是 What we're going to see today
在这个超大的环形管道中 is the launch of the first beam of protons
射出第一束质子 around this enormous ring.
再过不久 我们的项目带头人林恩·埃文斯 Very shortly, Lyn Evans, the project director,
林恩·埃文斯 大型强子对撞机项目带头人
将要告诉这里的工作人员们 is going to be addressing CERN staff,
他们将会被分派到 who are gathered at different points
这个大型装置的哪个部分去 around this massive complex.
这只是一项简单的测试 告诉我们这个机器能够正常地运转 - It's just the first glimpse at the fact the machine can run.
你需要做的是 I mean, so what you need, really,
让两束粒子相撞 is, you need two beams colliding together
并且保持 for quite a few...
保持一段时间 让我们有足够的时间来计算 quite a long period of time before you calculate,
以得到 get enough...
足够多的数据 sufficient statistics in which to actually
来探究新的物理现象 be able to look for the new physics.
但就首次启动测试来说不需要那样 But single beam, the first beam, isn't even that.
不需要任何碰撞 You're not even getting any collisions.
只要让一束质子在环形管道里旋转就可以了 It's just one beam going around in a circle,
甚至都不需要太大的能量 not even at the high energies.
仅仅是让一束质子沿着管道低速旋转 Just one beam going around in the low energy circle,
就像是说“好的 我们首次成功地使一束质子 that sort of says, "Okay, we made it around the ring once
在管道里旋转了” for the first time."
但这仍然是一个重大事件 And it's a huge event.
要知道为了这第一步 Right, after 19 years, you've been waiting
已经等待了19年 for this first step.
各位 我们开始吧 Let's get started, everybody.
这一天终于来了 Now comes the day of reckoning.
5 4 3 Five, four, three,
2 1 two, one...
启动 Now.
没有反应 No beam.
是的 Yeah.
发射器现在是个什么情况？ So where are we with the injection kicker?
噢 好的...质子发射出来了 Oh, well... they're out.
那就好 没事了 Okay, never mind.
我们重新开始 Let's go.
5 4 3 Five, four, three,
2 1 0 two, one, zero.
质子被发射出去了吗？ We get a beam on this pulse?
是的 I hope so.
太好了！ Yes!
事实上 昨晚我一直睡不着 脑子里想着各种事 - Well, last night I was, like, waking up constantly.
“我们实验数据设定的对么？ Like, "Did we set that right?
我们是不是忘了关上...我的天！” What about... did we disable... oh, my gosh!"
玛琪奥 Marzio.
给你看一个图表 I have a plot for you.
好了 看下这个 Okay, check this out.
这里表示Z This is Z.
纳秒(ns)：一秒的10亿分之一
这是时间轴 单位是纳秒 This is timing, in nanoseconds,
这是我们从数据中得出的 which we knew from the cosmic data.
-看起来真棒 -没错 - That is very nice. - Yes.
楼上的人看到这个谷歌的图标应该会更加激动 - Upstairs, I think people were more excited about this.
如果这件事出现在了谷歌首页 就意味着全世界都看到了 - If you're in Google, that means... that's the world.
这是今天发生的所有事里面最重要的一件 This is the most important thing today.
这只是第一步 This is the first,
麦克·拉蒙特 大型强子对撞机首席操作员
但这一步告诉了我们很多的事 and this tells us a lot of things.
它告诉我们这部机器的 It tells us that the magnetic properties
磁性质很好 of the machine are good,
且孔径光洁 that the aperture is clear.
也没有任何东西粘附在管道内壁上面 There's nothing is sticking into the beam pipe anywhere.
总的来说是一个非常鼓舞人心的标志 So a very, very encouraging sign and remarkable progress.
你们看过我们漂亮的图表了吗？ - Did you guys see our beautiful plot?
-什么？ -好吧 给你们看下这个 - What? - Okay, I want to show you this.
来嘛 让他们看看 Come on, show them the plot.
你可以把它拍下来 没错 You can take a picture of... here you go.
看看能不能拍清楚 Well, see if you can get it.
我觉得除了他们以外 I don't think there's anyone else
没有人会看我的图表 所以 I can show my plot to, so...
成功了 It worked.
真的成功了 It just worked.
人的一生中没有几次可以像现在这样 And there are so few times in life where it just works.
特别是能够取得这种成功 And there are so even fewer times in life
的机会更是少之又少 where it just works great.
我们太棒了 We rocked.
想想看 首次启动 I mean, Tile, first beam...
我们干的太漂亮了 We destroyed that shit.
他们让一束粒子沿着环形管道转圈 They got a beam circulating.
他们让一束粒子循环运动了30秒 They've had beams circulating for a full 30 seconds.
让我确认一下 So let me understand.
仅仅是一束粒子沿着一个方向运动 This is one beam going one way?
是的 先是只有一束粒子沿一个方向运动 - They have one beam going one way,
然后又加入一束粒子沿反方向运动 and then they went to the other beam going the other way.
那他们成功了么 Well, does it work?
第二束粒子也能绕一个完整的圆 The second beam, did it go fully around?
成功了 都成功了 - Everything... - they both went around.
我想他们已经成功地让一束粒子 I think they had the beam go around
循环运动了几百万次 about a million times.
大概就是那样 Something like that.
没错 他们在推特上说已经一千万次了 - Yeah, their Twitter feed said 10 million.
这次我们也要开始在推特上刷屏了 - Now we'll become, you know, CERN Twitter junkies.
我想这是件令人激动的事 I guess this is exciting.
我理性的一面想让我激动一些 My logical self wants to be excited.
而我感性的那一面却非常镇定 My psychological self is very cautious.
新泽西州 普林斯顿
我的父母都来自伊朗 My parents are both Iranian
并且他们都是物理学家 and both physicists,
而我的父亲与当局政府 and my father in particular had real political difficulties
有一些政治分歧 with the regime,
所以我们不得不隐姓埋名许多年 and we had to go underground for a number of years,
最终我们穿越土耳其边境 and we ended up escaping from Iran
逃离了伊朗 through the border of Turkey.
之后又经历了许多巧合以及意外 But then, through a number of wonderful accidents,
我们最终来到了加拿大 we ended up in Canada.
在我十三四岁的时候 I got interested in physics
我对物理产生了兴趣 when I was 13 or 14 years old.
它把我最喜爱的两件事 It just offered the way to combine the two things
结合在了一起 I really loved:
数学和自然界 mathematics and things in the natural world.
你写完了吗 You almost done?
快了 Yeah.
- 你只写了“如果？” - 那个...嗯...是的 - It's just saying "What if?" - It's, uh... yeah.
你是为广大的观众准备的吧 - You're preparing a broader audience for this.
好的 现在我想做些有意思的事情 - Okay, now I'm going to just do something fun.
仅仅是为了好玩 Just do something fun.
怎么样才会好玩呢 What would be fun?
注意文明用语 那是个公共场合 - No, don't write "hell." It's a public...
-好的 好的 我很抱歉 All right, I'm sorry!
- 现在怎么样 - 这样才对嘛 - How about that? - There we go.
现在想一想 这个强子对撞机 - Thinking about the LHC has been the center
在这15到16年里一直是我的工作重心 of my intellectual life for about 15, 16 years now.
取决于对撞机实验的结果 Depending on what happens with the LHC,
我有可能通过这15年的努力 you know, these are 15 years
最终见证里程碑式的事件 I could come to see as the best possible thing
当然也有可能白白浪费了这么多年 I could've been doing with this time,
有可能整整15年的努力 or it could just be that the entire 15 years
都是完全没有意义的 might as well have not happened,
什么也没有发现 had no impact,
而这15年就这么白白过去了 and then that's just 15 years that are gone.
这不像是那种 It's not the sort of thing
最后会给你一个安慰奖 where there's a consolation prize.
这像是一个二元情况 You know, it's a fairly binary situation.
我肯定不会说“噢 好吧 I definitely won't feel, "Oh, well,
我已经尽了最大的努力了 "I gave it a good old college try.
无论结果如何都能接受 "It's all fine anyway.
最重要的是我努力了” It's just trying that counts."
我不相信那些鬼话 I don't believe that.
我不相信只有努力付出了才最重要 I don't believe it's just trying that counts.
我相信的是结果正确了才最重要 I believe getting it right is what counts.
好了 请找好座位坐下来 Okay, please take your seats.
超环面仪器实验 首次启动庆功会
现在到了放松一下的时间了 Now it's time for the entertainment part.
每次发生重大的物理学事件 So as with every great physics event,
我们都会举办这样一个庆功会 we're going to start with a big bang,
这次轮到超环面仪器实验了 the ATLAS big bang event,
来自超环面仪器实验的负责人们 and that's going to follow with music all evening,
会为大家表演精彩的节目 people from ATLAS, who are going to be performing for you.
那废话不多说 我们开始吧 So let's get started.
找来两千多个高智商 雄心壮志 - Take 2,000 intelligent, ambitious,
人品很好的人 type "A" personalities.
让他们在高压下 You make them work 16-hour days,
每天工作16个小时 high-pressure situation, lots of stress.
通常这就是一场灾难的开端 You know, that's the recipe for disaster.
或者也可以作为我的脱口秀开场白 Or at least it's a recipe for a reality television program.
但是所有的这些物理学名词 But all that physics,
希格斯粒子 高维度 超对称理论 Higgs, extra dimensions, supersymmetry,
微型黑洞 宏观黑洞 microscopic black holes, macroscopic black holes,
Z因子等等 随便说一个 Z-primes, you name it,
这些理论学家们梦寐以求的东西 the physics that the theorists only dream of
全都需要我们去发现 is ours to discover.
谢谢大家 Thank you.
噢耶 âOh, yeah
谢谢你 大型强子对撞机 Thanks to the Large Hadron Collider
谢谢你 超环面仪器 Thank you, ATLAS!
我是在一个来自希腊 定居在土耳其的 - I grew up in Turkey from Greek parents
中产阶级家庭中长大的 and a middle-class family,
法国 阿尔卑斯山脉
在六十年代的时候我们成为了难民 and then, in the '60s, we became refugees.
我们不得不离开土耳其 We had to leave Turkey
因为在塞浦路斯岛上发生了 because of ethnic tensions between Greeks and Turks
希腊人和土耳其人的种族冲突 over the island of Cyprus,
以及许多左倾和右倾 and there were a lot of political cross currents,
的政治错流 left, right,
那时候我还是一个很容易被 and I was a young, impressionable 13-year-old
他人观点所左右的十三岁少年 hearing the pro-left and pro-right arguments,
可能某一天我会觉得有一边是正确的 so one day I would be convinced that one side was right.
但到另一天我可能会觉得 The other day, I would be convinced
其实另一边才是正确的 the other side was right.
然后我就感到特别的困惑 And then I was getting confused.
怎么可能相互对立的两边 How could both of these things be true
都是正确的 if they were contrary to each other?
因此我决定致力于一个 So I decided to focus on a field
真相不能被人们的说法所左右的领域 where the truth didn't depend on the eloquence of the speaker.
真相是绝对的 The truth was absolute.
当然 在我刚进入这个领域的时候 Of course, when I started out,
我以为在五年内 I thought that within maybe five years
我所研究的那些理论 the theories that I was working on
将会被实验验证 were going to be tested
从而证明我的理论的正确性 and I was going to know the experimental truth
然后再开始研究下一条理论 and move on to the next round of ideas after that.
但我当时真没想到这个实验 Little did I know that the experiments
会花这么久的时间 would take far longer,
现在已经过去30年了 and here I am, 30 years after,
我仍然不知道真相是什么 still not knowing the truth.
彼得 Peter?
我想给你看个东西 - I can show you here a nice event.
你见过这个么 Did you see this from...
- 啊 没见过 - 安德莉亚斯给我看了这个 - Ah, no. - Andreas showed me this.
- 我还没看到过 - 这是昨天晚上才出来的 - I haven't seen it. - This is from yesterday night.
这是一个真实的束流气体事件 This is now a real beam gas event.
彼得·詹尼 超环面仪器实验的创始领袖
你可以看到这道轨迹弯曲了 So you see the tracks also bent...
- 因为粒子场而弯曲了？ - 没错 - Bent by the field? - Very nice.
- 噢 不 我从没见过 Ah, no, I haven't seen...
从某种意义上来说 我进入物理领域 In some sense, I started form the wrong perspective
的切入点就是错误的 and in the wrong way,
因为当我还在上高中的时候 because I'd been studying a lot of literature
我一直在学习文学 when I was at high school level.
比如文学作品 艺术 哲学 历史 So literature, art, philosophy, history,
对物理学和数学的接触很少 and very little physics and mathematics.
同时我也在学习音乐 钢琴 I'd also been studying music, piano,
所以那时候我深深地迷上了艺术 and so I was very much attracted by art.
音乐和物理有着很强的关联性 There are many similarities between music and physics.
古典音乐遵守协调和谐原则 Classical music follows rules of harmony,
物理学和数学也是如此 which are really rules of physics and mathematics.
但同时我又被一些深奥的问题所吸引 But, also, I was fascinated by big questions.
像是有没有可能解释清楚 That is the possibility of addressing
为什么会有自然界和宇宙 他们什么时候形成的 and answering big questions about nature, the universe,
他们是怎么形成的之类问题 why, when, how,
当我高中毕业后 and when I finished high school,
我深深地相信物理学是 I thought that physics allow us
我们解答这些问题的关键 to address this big question
相比较于哲学 这是一个更加注重实践的方法 in a more practical way than, for instance, philosophy.
这就是为什么我下定决心要进入物理领域 That's why I decided to study physics.
首次启动测试9天后
是的 我们失去了这两个 - Yes, we lost these two there...
我今天居然成功地喝下了 I managed to go through, like,
我放在冰箱里的四加仑的牛奶 但是 the four gallons of milk that I had in the fridge, but...
我们当时正在等待 - We were just waiting for collisions,
马丁·阿莱卡萨
进行对撞测试 waiting for collisions.
然后发现液氦泄漏了 and finally, then this helium leak,
这件事真的让我们十分沮丧 which really, uh... it's really frustrating.
我们甚至都不能到现场去检查 We cannot even go there and investigate what happened.
需要先把磁铁加热 You have to warm up the magnets,
而且要慢慢地加热 and warming up the magnets needs to be done
否则会把它们弄坏 on a very slow pace and... in order not to break them...
最后再把温度降下来才能下去 then you can investigate and cool them down again.
这个世界上最大的 - The world's largest atom smasher,
大型强子对撞机 the Large Hadron Collider,
将要至少关停两个月 is to be shut down for at least two months.
欧洲粒子物理研究所 CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research...
的科学家们都在试着保持镇定 - Scientists at CERN are trying to put on a brave face.
连接两个超导磁铁的一个电磁连接器烧毁了 A faulty electrical connection between two magnets
导致大量液氦 led to a ton of liquid helium
溢出到了整个27公里长的管道里 being leaked into the 27-kilometer tunnel.
原计划的第一次高速对撞实验 The first high-speed particle collisions
将在这个月末进行 were due to take place later this month.
而现在他们的目标变成了 The goal now
要保证这个庞大而复杂的机器能够正常运转 is simply to get this vastly complex machine working.
我的天呐 你看看 Fucking hell, look at that.
太难以置信了 This is just unbelievable.
这个超导磁铁直接从支架上掉下来了 You've got magnets just sheared off their jacks.
当时的能量足够融化 We've actually put in enough energy
整条管道然后将其汽化 to melt it and to vaporize a whole tube of...
而现在里面充满了黑色的金属粉末 - And the stuff's all covered in a sort of black, metallic dust.
真是完完全全的灾难 Completely catastrophic, eh?
一个大灾难 Completely catastrophic.
现在真空管里已经不再是真空的了 - There's no more vacuum in the beam vacuum,
所以我们可以打开看看 so can as well open it up and see whether there's any dust,
如果里面也有金属粉末的话 because if there's dust,
那就意味着我们要清理整条管道 it means we have to clean all the way
直到里面一干二净 until it's...
我想最坏的情况就是 I hope, in the worst case,
我们需要取下20多个超导磁铁来清理 we have not to take out more than 20 or so magnets.
斯坦福大学
我的家人和我的学生们 Both my family and my students
都感受到了一股 detect a definite level of...
悲观而失望的情绪 let's say pessimism and disappointment.
我们对发现真相 The built expectation
所抱有的那种期待 that now we were going to know the truth,
都因为这次意外而破灭了 it fizzled and delayed,
我就是 and it's just, uh...
我以为我可以坦然接受这件事 I thought I was stronger than this.
但是没想到 It surprised me.
我当时就说 - I did say that I thought it was a mistake
真正的实验还没开始进行 for CERN to have this gigantic celebration
仅仅是让几个质子 for things just when it just had a few protons
朝着一个方向漫无目的地运动 wandering around in one direction around the ring,
他们就为此而大肆庆祝 that it was just a bad idea to have so much hoopla
这样做是不对的 before anything was actually happening.
每当有人问我会不会去参加 At the time when people were asking me
欧洲粒子物理研究所的庆功会时 if I was going to CERN to celebrate,
我都会说“只有在有了足够的理由 I said, "I'm going to go to CERN
可以让我庆祝的时候才会去 "when there's a reason to celebrate, you know,
比如当粒子相撞的时候 "when things are colliding into each other,
比如真正取得了进展或者突破 "when something is starting to happen,
而不是为了庆祝而庆祝” not for some crappy PR reason."
现在悲剧发生了 And that backfired.
这次我们真的是引火烧身了 That, I think... really, that really backfired,
我觉得这是一场公关灾难 and I think that was a PR disaster.
是我们欧洲粒子物理研究所自己造成的 It was a PR disaster largely of CERN's own making.
你不能没有得到任何结果 You don't go around, you know,
就开始举办大型的庆祝活动 having gigantic parties before anything has happened.
损坏的超导磁铁都被送去修复了 - So the magnets that have come out are being refurbished,
现在的进度是每个星期 and so they're sort of trundling through
大概可以修复六块磁铁 about six magnets a week now.
所以我们已经突破了瓶颈 So that's no longer the bottleneck.
可以进行下一步了 Now they're kind of getting to the state
那就是把这些超导磁铁 where they're ready to start redoing the interconnects
装回到管道里 in the tunnel,
但我们已经比原计划晚了一两个星期 and they're already about a week or two behind on that.
因为情况比较复杂 Given the complexity...
还有一个问题是他们正在 - The other thing is that they're drilling
超导磁铁里面钻洞 these bloody holes in the magnets.
因为...上一次我听到的是 - Because they, like... - what I heard this last time,
他们说所有的工具都损坏了 they were saying that all their tools are breaking
都没法用了 and that sort of business.
这也造成了另外一个问题 - But it begs the question, of course,
我们都需要考虑什么风险 you know, what are the risks?
我的意思是 从理论上来说 你要 I mean, you kind of basically, you're going...
我不知道 I don't know.
我们当时没有想过 We didn't actually think so much
液氮会不会影响到其他设备 about the collateral effects of the helium.
- 确实没人想到过 - 对 没错 - Nobody has. - Yeah, nobody.
- 是的 - 没有人考虑到 - Yeah. - Nobody.
在那之后我们也做了很多调查 Well, there's been a lot of investigations
为了找到问题的根源 into the cause of the original problem,
最终结果是我们只能用 and the general agreement is that we run
设计能量的一半进行实验 at half design energy.
那些实验学家们一定会不开心的 - Experimentalists aren't going to be happy.
好吧 Well...
那么 最近的日程计划是 - So, yeah... so the latest schedule is this:
我们将在9月21日 we just put out is D-Day,
重新启动对撞机 beams back on the 21st of September.
会不会太乐观了点 Isn't that a bit optimistic?
在今年重启会不会不太现实 Isn't that a bit optimistic for, uh, this year?
当你在进行一个 - When you're dealing with something
长期项目的时候 that is a long-term project...
比如说这个大型强子对撞机项目 and the LHC is a long-term project.
已经持续了20多年 It's a 20-year project.
你不能去想这个项目什么时候结束 You can't think about the end.
永远都不能 Ever.
如果你在刚开始马拉松比赛的时候就在想 If you start out a marathon thinking,
“我等不及要冲过终点线了 "I can't wait to get to the finish line;
冲过终点线以后我要喝一瓶佳得乐 "I'm gonna have my Gatorade at the finish line;
跑完以后我要去吃点薯条” I'm gonna have my greasy french fries at the finish line,"
无论你用什么激励自己 or whatever motivates you...
如果你在一开始就考虑这些的话 if you start thinking that at mile one
就像是刚跑10分钟 and it's, like, ten minutes into the race,
你就开始想 and you're thinking to yourself,
“天哪 我只跑了1英里 "Wow, I'm only at mile one.
还剩下25.2英里呢” I've got 25.2 miles to go."
如果你从一开始就这么想 And if you're thinking that at the start,
那你就完了 then you're done.
从心理上来说 你已经输了 Mentally, you are done.
这就是探索物理学的意义 - This is what doing discovery physics means.
这就是科学探索的意义 This is what doing discovery means.
瞧好了
空气托住了这些水
这些水很沉
但是大气压力更强
所以杯子里面的水就不会洒出来
但是这张明信片湿了
对 你说的没错
确实湿了一点
人们为什么会感到好奇？ Why do people have curiosity?
为什么会关心数十亿年前 Why do we care about how distant parts of the universe,
遥远的宇宙中发生了什么 things that happened billion years ago,
比如宇宙大爆炸 like the big bang,
为什么我们会觉得它很有趣 why do we find them that interesting?
它和我们的日常生活并没有联系 It doesn't affect what we do day-to-day.
但不论怎么说 一旦你感到好奇了 But nevertheless, once you have curiosity,
你就会控制不住地去想 you can't control it.
人们会开始提出关于宇宙的相关问题 - It'll ask questions about the universe.
提出关于和谐原则的问题 It will ask questions about harmonic patterns
进而创造了艺术和音乐 that create art, music.
新泽西州 普林斯顿大学高等研究院
- 那就是你说的雕塑 - 对 就是那个 - That's a sculpture? - That's a sculpture.
看上去难道不像是一堆碎瓦片么 - Yeah, doesn't it look like a bunch of broken tiles?
对 就应该是那个样子 - That's what it's supposed to look like.
当我第一次看见的时候 And it's, uh... and when I saw it,
我以为那只是些建筑垃圾 I thought it was just rubble left over from the construction.
还真的挺像的 Right, yeah.
你其实可以随便移动它们 - You can, in principle, move it.
所以人们会移动它们么？ - So people go up and move pieces?
- 不 他们没有 - 但他们可以这么做 - No, people don't. - But people could.
为什么他们不把这些东西固定住 Why would they have it so you can move it around
毕竟他们不想让人们改变这种设计 if you weren't going to move it around?
你说的很对 No, I think you're right.
我觉得你其实可以随便移动它们的 - I think you're allowed to move it around.
这的确是个很不同寻常的体验 - It's certainly a different experience of it.
我同意 I agree.
看见没 我觉得这个原本应该是在这里的 See, I thought that that belonged here.
这才是它应该待的地方 It's just... it's the perfect spot.
果然一切都不一样了 - It certainly changes everything.
- 没错 -《页岩和花岗岩》 - It does. - Slate and granite.
我想这个是花岗岩 那个是页岩吧？ I guess that's the granite, and that's the slate.
嗯 Hmm.
这还挺有趣的 It's interesting.
这件作品在哲学上 - There's something philosophically
有点困扰到我了 about this piece of art that bothers me.
它使用一群毫无规律可言的材料 It's taking a lot of sort of random things
创造出了一种有规律的东西 and making some order out of it.
是的 Yes.
它试图让一些没有规律的东西 - It's trying to make order out of something
通过组合使他们具有规律性 where there isn't any,
而不是试图从一堆没有规律的东西中 instead of taking things that don't seem ordered
试图找到他们有规律的一面 and figuring out that there is order.
我们简化这个世界复杂性的方法是 - The way we try to reduce the complexity of the world
试图从中找寻规律 is by looking for patterns,
我们称之为对称性 what we call symmetries.
我们找到目前已知的所有粒子 We take all the particles we know today,
并且试图把它们 and we attempt to fit them
装配到一些底层结构中 into some kind of underlying structure.
看看它们是不是拼成自然法则 Are they the remnants of some more beautiful
这幅完美画作的一部分碎片 and complete picture of the laws of nature?
这就好比是 你去埃及看到了一些遗迹 It's like, you go to Egypt, and you see ruins.
如果你从一个正确的角度去看 If you look at it the right way,
你看到的是一个金字塔 I could draw a pyramid
而这些石头实际上 and see that these chunks of stone
可以组成一座 are actually the remains of something very clean
完美对称的金字塔 and very symmetric,
看上去很漂亮不是吗 very beautiful.
我们知道基本模型还在完善中 We know that the Standard Model is incomplete.
我们也知道还有许多 We know that there's other stuff out there,
新的粒子等待着我们去发现 that there are other particles that we haven't seen yet.
暗物质就是一个我们认为 Dark matter is a speculated particle
有可能主导整个宇宙的粒子 which we think actually dominates the universe,
但我们至今还没有看到它 and yet we've never seen it directly,
并且他并不在基本模型之内 and it's not part of the Standard Model.
这对我们来说是一个挑战 That's one of those rocks.
我们相信 从理论上来说 We think, possibly,
暗物质以及其它一些粒子都是存在的 that that and many other particles are still out there
存在于一个更大的对称模型之中 and are all part of a much bigger symmetry,
也是一个更大的理论 a much bigger theory
那个理论包含现在的标准模型 但内容要丰富得多 that includes the Standard Model, but much more.
一个很有名的理论叫做超对称理论 The most popular theory is called supersymmetry,
简称为SUSY or SUSY for short.
这个理论差不多是在 Supersymmetry was a theory that sort of started to develop
上个世纪70年代被人提出的 in the late '70s.
萨瓦斯是最早提出 Savas was one of the first authors
超对称理论的理论学家之一 of the first theories of supersymmetry.
“这是一个深不可测的理论” - It is the unfathomable depths of...
超对称理论是我们用来预测新事物的最好方法 - Supersymmetry is our best guess of what else is out there,
那个更大的理论包括了 the bigger theory that incorporates
我们现有的全部理论 our current theories,
以及基本模型 the Standard Model.
但是为了证明这个理论是存在的 But for it to be true,
我们首先要发现其它的那些粒子 we have to discover those other particles.
如果让我在所有的理论中任选一个 - If I could choose a dream of any theory
来通过大型强子对撞机证明的话 that the LHC could find,
我希望可以证明超对称理论 actually, I would love for them to see supersymmetry.
超对称理论说的是 对每一类粒子 Supersymmetry says, for every type of particle,
比如说电子 say the electron,
都有一个重超配偶子 there's a heavy superpartner.
但你必须 So you have the...
可惜人们给它起的名字听起来挺傻的 and they have really stupid names, unfortunately,
人们称其为标量电子 called the selectron.
就是在每个粒子的名字前面加上“标量” 比如标量夸克 You just add an S to the name. The squark.
上升和标量上升 下降和标量下降 Uh, the sup, the sdown.
超对称理论 Supersymmetry, or SUSY,
在理论物理学领域的地位很高 is extremely important for the theoretical community
因为它解决了很多基本模型理论中的 because it solves many mathematical problems
数学问题 with the Standard model.
对于实验学家来说 我们的梦想 Now, experimentally, it would be the experimentalists' dream.
就是会有一大堆新的粒子出现 You know, tons of particles that are just coming out,
多到你根本不知道该怎么做 and you just don't even know what to do with...
甚至在它们出现的时候 you know, can't even write the data fast enough
你都来不及把数据记录下来 in order to discover them.
是啊 这就是我的梦想 So that'd be my dream.
我曾经在控制室里工作过 It used to be that in the control room life,
那段日子过得十分奢侈 it was kind of a luxury.
你甚至可以 You know, you could kind of...
在早上起来后专心打理头发 you could, you know, kind of style your hair for the day
因为你不需要整天戴着头盔 because you didn't have to wear a hard helmet all day.
你也可以穿些好看的鞋子 You could wear nice shoes, you know,
因为你是在控制室里面工作 because you were in the control room environment.
而现在就不一样了 Now, it's all back to, you know,
在工作时要换上你最脏的一件衣服 bring the dirtiest clothes that you own to work
因为要在这里上蹿下跳的 because you're gonna be crawling around in, like,
还需要时刻戴头盔 穿钢头鞋 you know, hard helmets, steel-toed boots.
那种鞋的外观一点也不好看 Not the most attractive shoes,
但说实话我还是挺喜欢的 but, you know, I kind of like them.
我们要取出一些电子元件修复 We're pulling out the electronics.
因为自从上一次关停之后 We're fixing things that we didn't actually have time
一直没有时间做全面的检修 to get to during the last shutdown.
我们的目标是当下次启动时 The goal of this is that it would be
不要出现任何问题 in even better shape for next beam.
好了 我觉得我要说的就是这些了 Okay, so that is, I think, all that I have to say.
希望那些理论学家们没有把你逼疯 Hope the theorists aren't driving you crazy.
顺便提一句 别听他们的 Don't listen to them, by the way,
因为他们只研究理论 because theorists,
所以有的时候会 they can sometimes...
我只是想告诉你们 Just telling you.
一定要进入实验领域 You got to come back to the experimental world
只有在这里你才会看到现实是什么样的 so that you can touch bases with reality.
好了 有机会再聊 All right, I'll talk to you soon.
一提到宇宙 人们最先想到的就是 - One of the most basic facts about the universe
它实在是太大了 is that it's big.
然后你可能就会想 So you might wonder,
“为什么宇宙会那么大？” "Why is the universe big?"
有一个数字可以解释这个问题 There's actually a single number,
宇宙常量："∧" 由爱因斯坦提出
叫做宇宙常量 called the cosmological constant,
这个常数是决定 that plays a crucial role
宇宙大小的重要因素 in determining what the universe looks like.
事实上 大概在十年前 In fact, around ten years ago,
天文学家们发现了一个惊人的事实 astronomers discovered a really remarkable fact:
那就是宇宙是在不断膨胀的 the universe is getting bigger and bigger
膨胀速度也越来越快 at a faster and faster rate.
但这个速度增加的比率 But this rate is a million, billion,
比我们之前所预测的 billion, billion, billion, billion, billion times slower
要慢得多的多的多 than what we'd actually predict.
当你的预测与实际情况 When you're off by a factor of a million, billion,
相差如此之大的时候 billion, billion, billion, billion, billion,
你对于基本物理学的 there's something very wrong
某些理解可能就是错误的 with your understanding of basic physics.
更糟糕的是 Even worse,
这个数字 这个宇宙常量 this one number, the cosmological constant,
需要非常非常的精确 needs to have this extremely precise value.
精确到哪怕只有一点点差别 And if the value is different even by a tiny bit,
整个世界都会因此而改变 we would radically change what the world looks like around us.
对于一个参数来说 If you saw a situation where,
如果它非常非常重要的话 if the parameter has a very dangerous value
你只改变一点点 and you change it a little bit,
整个世界将会发生巨变 the world would change radically,
人类就不复存在了 and we'd be dead.
我们不可能活下来 We couldn't possibly live.
你不禁要问这个世界是怎么形成的 You would wonder where that came from.
怎么会变成现在的样子 You know, how is that possible?
如果仅仅从表面上来看 So just on the face of it,
在这种情况下你会说 you would look at the situation and say,
“天哪 创造我们的人十分在意这个参数的准确性 "Wow, someone really cared to put this parameter
就因为他算出的数字是正确的 我们才会存在 "at just the right value so that we get to be here
才生成了这个和谐的宇宙 "and that it's a pleasant universe
他真是用心良苦” and really cares a lot."
类似这样的问题会让你晚上睡不着觉 This is the sort of thing that really keeps you up at night.
你不禁会想“也许我们 It really makes you wonder, "Maybe we've got something
在考虑全局的时候 "about the whole picture, the big picture,
犯了一个很大很大的错误” totally, totally, totally wrong."
在我还没上小学的时候 - Before I went to elementary school,
我妈妈就开始给我讲圣经故事 my mother started telling me biblical stories.
她说如果我们表现的好 She told me that if we are good,
死后就会升入天堂 we'll go to paradise,
然后我们将永远生活在那儿 and we will stay there forever.
当她说到“永远”的时候 And when she said "forever,"
我开始感到恐慌了 I started panicking.
我不断地问她“真的是永远吗？” I kept asking, "Forever?"
“永远？” "Forever?"
你的意思是一直待在那儿吗 You mean, it never ends?
就像是 当你睡醒以后 Like, you wake up, and you know that then,
你知道自己还要继续睡下去 you go back to sleep,
直到永远 没有尽头 and this never ends, never ends,
直到永远 never ends.
然后我就开始哭了起来 I started crying.
她问我“你怎么了？ She told me, "What's wrong with you?
这里是天堂 "This is paradise.
在这里你会过的很开心 "It will be a lot of fun.
在这里你会很幸福的” You'll be very happy there."
像这种永生的想法 But this idea of eternity,
有关造物主的这些事 something infinite,
真的吓到了我 scared me.
其实还有另外一种看待这些问题的方法 - There is a scientific alternative
那就是相信有“人”爱着我们所有人 to believing there's someone out there who loves us,
摆弄表盘使万物都能正常地运转 twiddling the dials very finely for things to work out.
而对于这种观点来说 And this alternative, said briefly,
我们所观测到的宇宙 is that everything we see in our observed universe
其实是一个更大的 is actually a very small part
多元宇宙的一小部分 of a much, much vaster multiverse.
你可以想象一下 You might literally imagine that,
如果俯瞰整个宇宙 from some bird's eye point of view,
从一个很远的距离观测 if you went to enormous distances,
我们的宇宙就像在无比巨大空间里的 you would see that our universe is actually a little pocket
一个小小的口袋 inside a vastly bigger space.
在这种情况下 那些神秘的数字 In this picture, these mysterious numbers,
比如宇宙常量 like the cosmological constant,
其实都是随机生成的 are actually basically random.
而在这个多元宇宙的某个地方 And out there in the multiverse, next to us somewhere,
在那里 这些数字 is another region where these numbers take on
又有了新的意义 some other random value,
然后再换一个地方 and then another region
这些数字的含义又不一样了 where they take on some other random value still.
而在这个巨大的多元宇宙中的 Only in a tiny sliver, a minuscule part
一个小小的银河系里面 of this gigantic multiverse,
完全是因为巧合 for completely accidental reasons,
这些数字具有非常特殊的意义 do these numbers take on the very, very special values
他们决定了物质的基本结构 which allows structures to grow,
促使行星和银河的形成 stars to form, galaxies to form.
最终形成像我们一样的生命 Ultimately, things like us to form.
这些极端对立且精细调谐的解释 This is the really opposite extreme interpretation
或许正是那个天才设计者 of the presence of fine-tuning
想要告诉我们的答案 as intelligent designers would want to give.
如果你相信有“人”正在关心我们 If you believe that someone out there cares
并且改变了一些参数从而使我们能够存在 and twiddles the parameters so that you can exist,
让我们的存在显得如此非同一般 that puts our existence at the very core of reality.
或者你相信我们所认识的宇宙 If you believe that our entire universe
其实只是巨大的多元宇宙中 is a tiny, little, minuscule spec
微不足道的一小部分而已 in a gigantic multiverse which is mostly lethal,
这两种对宇宙的理解 that's a polar opposite philosophy
在哲学上是极端对立的 for what the universe looks like.
事实上 很多物理学家都不愿谈论这件事 In fact, it's an idea that many physicists loathe,
因为一件本来有明确答案的事情 because certain questions then become things
变得让我们无法理解了 that we will not hope to be able to understand.
尼玛正在倡导一个观点 - Nima is now an advocate for this idea
那就是在多元宇宙中不同地方的 that the laws of physics are different
物理规律是不一样的 in different parts of this multiverse,
也就是说我们通过实验计算出的结果 that what we measure in experiments
并不是自然界的真正本质 are not deep mysteries of nature,
而是我们这个宇宙中许多巧合里的一种 but they're just random accidents in our universe,
甚至于希格斯粒子本身 that maybe even the Higgs itself
也只是我们这个宇宙中的某种巧合而已 is a random accident that has occurred in our universe
这种巧合创造了生命 但并不能解释生命的存在 and let's life exist, but has no explanation.
某种意义上来说 这是物理学的尽头 In a sense, it's the end of physics.
一方面 在过去的400年里 - On the one hand, we have the direction
我们有着一个大致前进的方向 that we've been on for the last 400 years,
目标就是越来越完美 简单 对称 towards increasing beauty, simplicity, symmetry,
途径是用足够多的时间 and a path that has time and time again
换取对我们世界运转方式 paid off with deeper and deeper insights
越来越深入的了解 about the way the world works.
另一方面 我们有多元宇宙的概念 On the other hand, we have the idea of the multiverse,
它将我们带到了一个真实的场景中 which would move us to a real picture
那里没有对称 完美和秩序 not of symmetry and beauty and order,
只有从根本上就永无止境的混沌 but fundamentally of chaos on enormous distances.
这是一个非常非常宏观的问题 This is the really very, very big-scale question
而大型强子对撞机可以帮助我们 which the LHC is going to push us in
朝某一个方向前进 one way or the other.
出什么事了 比如说 - What happens, for example, if...
哎呀 Oh, blimey.
是的 那里有很多 Yeah, there's a lot of...
嘿 卡佳 你还好吧 Hi, Katja. You all right?
不是心脏病吧？溃疡呢？
我长了个溃疡
我有很严重的酒精依赖
噢 你们没有在拍摄吧 Oh, you're not recording this, huh?
其实都拍下来了 Yes, we're all on the...
你怎么称呼这条轨道
- 没事 搞定了 - 因为我用了自动保存 但是
我知道 如果你想放在这个屏幕上 你可以
不用担心这些破事 - Yeah, don't worry about all the other crap.
我们再次让对撞机启动了 We've got the beams going around again.
修复后的磁铁运行良好 The magnet repairs are holding up well,
下一个挑战是要把两束粒子都加速到 and our next challenge is to take these beams
高能量状态然后让它们对撞 up to high energy and collide them.
好了 Okay.
我们都很清楚我们有能力造成何种程度的破坏 - We're very, very aware of the damage we can do.
开始了 Here we go.
这是我现在最担心的事情 - That's what worries me stiff at the moment.
2010年3月29日 第一次高速对撞实验
超环面仪器实验这个项目最早是在1989年提出的 - The original proposal for ATLAS was in 1989.
然后你脑子里就全都是这个想法 And you're kind of riding this idea.
正是这种对物理学的追求 You've got this dream of physics.
让你在这19年里完全投身到了 This dream of physics is what pulled everyone along
这个项目当中去 for those 19 years.
而这一天终于到来了 And so here, now, today, finally,
要进行高速对撞实验 with high-energy collisions,
我们可以重新审视心中对于发现新事物的梦想 we can start to look for that dream of new physics.
蓝色 Uh, blue.
这里是控制室 The control room, yes.
控制室 The control room.
这里是控制室 This is the control room.
这么大的一个事件 压力总归是有的 - The pressure of it being an event, of course, is there.
而且 是的 任何一个环节都有可能会出错 And, of course, anything can go wrong, and it has.
上个周末对我们来说是灾难性的 Last weekend was a complete disaster.
我们当时正在讨论 We were discussing the possibility
把高速对撞实验改到晚上 that we do collisions during the night
而不是早上9点的可能性 rather than the plan, 9:00 in the morning.
当然 这对于实验人员 Of course, this has caused major,
以及媒体工作人员来说 sort of knock-ons for, one, the experiments,
造成了一定的困难 and two, for the media service.
问题在于他们被邀请见证这首次高速对撞实验
凯蒂 听我说 听我说
关键是如果我们在他们面前搞砸了
后果真的太严重了 那将会是
我们之所以要通宵解决这个问题 并不是
如果他们来了 一定会很生气
我们已经搞砸了
大家早上好 Good morning, everybody.
我建议我们现在就开始吧 I propose we start.
我会跟你们大致说明一下 I will take you briefly over the whole summary
上周末发生的事情 of the weekend,
让你们先有点心理准备 just to get you up to date what happened.
上周末晚上我们试图在 During the night, we tried to set up again
GeV：千兆电子伏特
450 GeV的高强度条件下 for high intensities,
再次进行实验 for 450 GeV collisions,
但是因为我们遇到了一段真空 but then we were cut short
因此实验被中断了 because we encountered a vacuum.
以物理学家的观点来看 为了确认不会出错 - What everybody wants, from a physics point of view
我们希望能在 and from being sure,
前一天偷偷完成实验 is doing it secretly before
然后在第二天把结果告诉媒体 and showing it to the media during the day.
我觉得法比奥拉也是这么想的 And I think this was also the wish of Fabiola.
我们都是这么想的 It's the wish of everybody,
因为只有这样 你才会更有把握 because this is, of course, then you're much more certain.
但如今这样做已经不可能了 But this does not work nowadays.
媒体都希望要有看点 Media wants to see this little risk.
这我可以理解 I understand.
但这就意味着我们需要去迎合他们 So that means we have to adapt to that.
我们来看看 Let's see.
好像不是这个 This... this is not it.
这看起来不像是 It doesn't seem like...
你需要点击重新载入 You got to hit the reload.
我点了 I'm reloading it.
我在想我们是不是应该先停下来 Yeah, I wonder if we should stop.
大家都在点 Everyone is reloading it.
也许我们应该等一下 Maybe we should stop.
好了 There you go.
- 嘿 - 好了 - Hey! - All right.
好的 那么现在 Okay, now.
日内瓦 欧洲粒子物理研究所 2010年3月30日 格林尼治时间早7点至早9点
欢迎大家来到 And, indeed, welcome to CERN,
位于日内瓦的 the European Organization for Nuclear Research,
欧洲粒子物理研究所 in Geneva.
欢迎各位来到我们的控制中心 Welcome to the CERN control center.
今天对全世界的物理学家来说是个大日子
欧洲粒子物理研究所将首次
使两束粒子以史无前例的速度对撞
我们可能会发现新的力
也可能会发现新的空间维度 或者希格斯粒子
我们也许可以阐述宇宙中暗物质的秘密及其起源
没有人知道结果会怎样 也许大自然给我们准备了别的惊喜
通过大屏幕我们可以看到 And here on the screen
四组不同的实验：超环面仪器实验 we can see the four different experiments:
底夸克探测器实验 紧凑渺子线圈实验以及大型离子对撞器实验 ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, and ALICE.
今天大家将会看到的是先向一个方向发射一束粒子 And the program for today is to first send one beam
然后再向反方向发射另一束粒子 in one direction, a second beam in the opposite direction.
它们会先平行且反向运动一段时间 They will circulate in parallel for a while,
当所有的准备工作都做好的时候 and when everything is ready and under control,
将分离器收起 the separation is going to be removed,
然后让这两束粒子在 and the beams are going to be made to collide
上面提到的四个位置相撞 in the four points around the LHC machine.
我觉得我们的这个实验 - I just think to myself, if you imagine, like,
和爱迪生发明灯泡那时候是一样的 Thomas Edison, like, inventing the lightbulb...
如果当时他的工作室里面 if he had tried to invent the lightbulb with, like,
有一百多个扛着摄影机的人 a hundred camera crews in his workshop,
这时候大家会说“噢 拜托 and they would've been like, "Oh, my God,
你就不能把它点亮吗 "you can't even turn it on?
快点把它点亮啊 "Come on! Turn it on now!
那个 我们还在等什么呢 "Come... ugh, we're still waiting?
快点啊 你们这帮人是怎么回事？" Come on. Ah, come on. What's wrong with this guy?"
这个紫罗兰色表示...总有一道垂直的和一道水平的 - So the violet... there's always one vertical, horizontal beam.
表示一道粒子束 One beam.
嘘 Shh!
请大家安静一下 Please.
只需要几分钟是吧 So a few minutes.
好的 谢谢 Okay, thank you.
谢谢 再见 Thank you, bye.
分离器将在几分钟后收起
各位 分离器将在几分钟后收起
喔！ Wow. 两分钟？
你们都听到了么！ Everybody hear?
几分钟 不是两分钟
只剩几分钟了 Few minutes away.
我们需要看那块屏幕 显示的是触发速率 - So we should watch that one, our trigger rate,
还有这块 显示分离器状态和最终结果 this one, the separation bumps, and the event displays.
好了 这就是我们需要观察的三个屏幕 Okay, these are the three screens to watch.
如果你有三只眼睛 If you have three eyes, one there, one here,
同时盯着它们就方便多了 and one over there.
TeV：万亿电子伏特
现在两束粒子的能量都达到3.5 TeV了 - So, okay, both beams are at 3.5 TeV,
现在我们可以收起分离器 and we've just collapsed the separation bumps
好让两束粒子能够 and brought the beams into collision
在四个实验点相撞 inside the four experiments.
- 开始了 - 它们开始了 - Starting. - They're starting.
开始了 They're starting.
- 噢天哪 - 噢 - Oh. - Ooh.
好的 终于开始了 Okay, they're starting.
两束粒子 一束用蓝色表示 一束用红色表示 - Two beams, one in blue, one in red,
朝着彼此相对的方向循环运动 each circulating in opposite directions.
它们需要靠的非常非常近 They have to get closer and closer.
当这四个点的读数都显示为零的时候 When the numbers on the four readers say zero,
就说明它们的轨迹完全重合了 it means that the beams are finally aligned.
这正是我们期待已久的历史性时刻 This is the historical moment we were all expecting.
马上就要发生了 It can be anytime now.
贝多芬第九交响曲 《欢乐颂》
噢 天呐 Wow! Wow!
太棒了 Fantastic!
完美 Beautiful.
- 哇 - 我们准备好了 - Wow. - We are ready.
好的 First things first.
首先我们要开始处理数据 I just have to say: "data."
数据这种东西非常奇妙 It's... it's unbelievable how fantastic data is.
这里表示的是不变质量 You have this invariant mass.
这是个Z-μμ波道 This is for the Z to mu-mu channel.
然后质量的峰值是Z And you have this mass peak of the Z,
为了估算它的参考对照值 in order to estimate your backgrounds.
我们这几个实验室的气氛 It's like the world at ATLAS and LHC and CMS
瞬间就变得非常紧张 and all those places has suddenly changed.
在多年的沉寂之后 I mean, it's like, all of a sudden, there's data.
突然涌现出来如此大量的数据 And after so many years of not having data
新的数据 新的物理现象 and new data, new physics,
有太多可能性了 there's just so much possibility,
即便是你再次发现了标准模型 and even though you're rediscovering
也没有这件事更让人激动 the Standard Model, that is more exciting.
但这些数据里面最激动人心的 But the most exciting thing about the data
并不是第一次对撞 is not the first collision.
当然第一次对撞确实也很棒 Because the first collision, okay, great.
第一次对撞 谁不爱第一次呢 First collision, everyone loves the first.
但这些数据里面最令我们激动的 But the most exciting thing about the data is the, you know,
是第一百万次的撞击 第两百万次的撞击 1 millionth collision or the 2 millionth collision
换句话说就是持续不断地有撞击发生 or the fact that collisions just keep coming and coming
不间断地 and coming and coming,
不停歇的撞击 and the more and more collisions we have,
使得我们有更多的机会 the more and more chance we have
去探寻物理有趣的一面 to look at the interesting physics,
因为那意味着我们将会有更多的数据 because it just means more and more and more data for us.
现在设备运行得很好 The running is pretty good.
现在运行的非常好 - But right now, it's running amazingly.
是的 目前来说 Yeah, right now,
几个月后我们就能知道最终的成果了 but the day of reckoning is in several months.
我听有人这么说的 We heard rumors on that.
事实上 我们应该多听听别人怎么说的 - Well, we should be hearing rumors now.
我们真的应该听听别人怎么说 We really should be hearing rumors now.
其实我还是有点担心的 - I'm a little worried, actually.
是啊 Yeah.
- 毕竟我们都是听别人说的 - 那个 - Well, we're hearing murmurs. - What, what's...
我们听到的都是小道消息 Murmurs. We're hearing murmurs.
他们有可能并不知道自己在说什么 There either... there isn't much there,
也有可能是他们装得太像了 or they're doing a very good job keeping a poker face.
他们当中的一部分人 - Or they're still at the point where half of...
还在试图去搞明白 where they're still trying to figure out
该说什么以及不该说什么 what's a murmur and what's a rumor, internally.
我觉得确实是这样 And I think that's probably actually true.
没错 Right.
现在的问题是 The problem is that, also,
他们看上去都显得很无辜 I take completely innocent remarks
或许是我们过度解读他们的话了 and vastly over-interpret them.
很明显 我们只能从推特或者脸书上 - Obviously, we're going to learn about the first discovery
获取第一手信息了 on Twitter and Facebook.
这种感觉很不好 但这就是事实 - That's so sad, but I think it's true.
的确 It is.
你是说明天一早 - You mean, I shouldn't check the arXiv
arXiv是一个收集物理学 数学 计算机科学与生物学论文预印本的网站
我应该直接去查看我的脸书而不是arxiv? first thing in the morning... I need to check my Facebook?
最后再去看arXiv 最后再看 - The arXiv is the last thing. - The arXiv is the last...
首先 要去看一眼尼玛的推特 - First, like, check Nima's Twitter feed.
然后再去看arXiv Then check the arXiv.
如果尼玛的推特更新了 If Nima has a Twitter feed,
那就说明我们发现了新物质 then there's something has been discovered.
现在是2011年8月7日 It is August 7, 2011,
对于大型强子对撞机来说是个重要的日子 and, this is a significant time for the LHC.
我们在7月底终于把 The first big set of data
上次实验的第一大组数据分析完了 was presented at the end of July.
这组数据里面的一部分 The data has little extra bits in it
可能证实了希格斯粒子的存在 which could be interpreted as a Higgs.
即使我们只用了一半的功率运行 Even though the LHC is running at half power,
但它输出数据的速度仍然比 it actually has gotten data much, much faster
我们预想中的快很多 than anybody expected.
这也给了我们更多发现希格斯粒子的机会 And that allowed them to be sensitive to the Higgs boson.
这一切都太棒了 It's fucking cool right now.
现在大家都非常激动 There was huge excitement
因为紧凑渺子线圈和超环面仪器这两个主要的探测器 because the Higgs' results of the two main detectors,
得到的关于希格斯粒子是否存在的结果 CMS and ATLAS, were first shown,
首次在同一次碰撞中出现了 together, in the same meeting.
而我 作为一名实验协调员 For me, as Run Coordinator,
不论我们是在这里丢失了一些数据 I discussed every little problem
还是在那里丢失了一些数据 where we lost here a little bit of data
我都要去和他们讨论 and there a little bit of data,
某种意义上来说我对这些数据有种特别的情怀在里面 so somehow I really feel attached to this data set.
因为这种情怀 无论我们能不能发现希格斯粒子 So somehow it makes me proud if the Higgs is found
我都会特别的骄傲和自豪 or not with this data set.
这个粒子产生的力 - The three, two, ones, so the effect...
希格斯粒子的质量 也可以说是希格斯粒子的重量 - The mass of the Higgs, namely the weight of the Higgs,
可以为我们指明 can actually tell us or give us a hint
下一步的大概方向 about what comes next.
如果得到的质量相对较轻 If the mass is on the lighter side,
那它就与我们之前 then that's consistent with some of the standard things
所预测的结果相符 we've been looking for.
因为超对称理论的存在 Supersymmetry generally favors
使得希格斯粒子要尽可能的轻 that the Higgs is as light as possible.
差不多是质子质量的115倍 About 115 times the mass of the proton.
GeV本身是能量单位 但由于质能方程E=mc² 光速c是常量 因此可以用能量来表示质量
也就是115 GeV It's 115 GeV:
千兆电子伏特 Giga electron volts.
但是 如果它的质量是140 GeV If, on the other hand, the Higgs is 140 GeV,
也就是质子质量的140倍 140 times the mass of the proton,
那事情就变得挺棘手的 it's a terrible mass,
因为140 GeV的质量从理论上来说 because 140 GeV is associated with theories
是建立在多元宇宙前提下的 that rely on the multiverse.
超环面仪器实验的结果显示 ATLAS has a little bump here,
在140 GeV的地方可以看到一个峰值 a small excess visible near 140.
而结果竟然 And now, holy crap.
是140 It's 140!
看来自然已经做出了它的选择 It's starting to look like nature has made its choice.
我们从这次的发现中得出了什么 - What do we learn if the LHC does discover
已经发现了希格斯粒子还是没有任何结果？ a Higgs at 140 and nothing else?
结果就是一片混乱 Chaos. Okay?
对于多元宇宙论来说最大的问题是 - The problem with the multiverse
也许希格斯粒子 is that it says the Higgs
将是我们发现的最后一个粒子 might be the last particle we ever see.
- 我们应该做的是 - 我觉得希格斯粒子的质量这个问题 - So what we should do... - I think the Higgs mass issue...
如果除了希格斯粒子以外没有发现其它新的粒子 - If we don't see any new particles besides the Higgs,
那我们对于暗物质仍然没法得出一个很好的解释 we don't get any explanation for dark matter.
如果我们不知道希格斯粒子自身是如何获得质量的话 We don't know how the Higgs itself got a mass.
我们就无法进入更深一级的层面 We never get access to the deeper theory.
暗物质所携带的全部信息 All that information
可能存在于其它宇宙里 could be in the other universes.
我们的探索道路可能走到了尽头 We may be at the end of the road.
到此为止了 That's it.
我想 I guess, um...
如果我们对于数据的分析是正确的 Well, if it's right at that number,
那结果真是太令人震惊了 then it would be so fucking astounding.
超对称理论到底在哪儿 Where the F is SUSY, right?
我们什么也没发现 I mean, there's nothing.
那些东西都去哪儿了 I mean, where's all the other stuff?
其它的粒子都在哪儿 Where are the other particles?
暗物质到底怎么样了 What happened to dark matter? I mean...
我听说不少理论学家都认为新的粒子 - I've heard of many theories saying that new particles
可能存在于更高的能量状态下 might be at even higher energies, so...
嗯 Right.
谁知道呢 很多事情都和我们想象的不一样 - Who knows? I mean, it always comes differently.
谁知道还有没有其它有趣的东西 Who knows if there are other interesting things.
有些时候最后结果 You know, somehow it always comes differently
就是与我们预测的不一样 than you expect.
我知道很多的理论学家与我们的观点不一致 - I know that the theorists are all up in arms,
他们说可能希格斯粒子的质量会非常大 because, you know, it could be a heavy Higgs,
但像我一直说的那样 but, you know, I've always said, like,
最坏的情况下 the worst-case scenario,
我们除了希格斯粒子以外不会再发现任何东西了 I think, would be Higgs and Higgs only.
- 谁又说得准呢 - 我懂 我懂 - Who knows? - I know. I know.
好啦 你想多了 - Come on, it's just a little excess.
如果在明年之前还没有任何结果的话 - If this doesn't show up by the end of next year,
里卡多·巴比里 理论物理学家 比萨大学
如果我们没有发现任何超对称理论存在的证据的话 then we can change subject, I think.
我觉得我们就可以换一个课题了 If you don't see any supersymmetric signal...
如果质量真的是140 那就严重了 - Well, but if it's 140, that would be serious.
是的 没错 Yeah, yeah.
是啊 Yeah.
我经常对我的学生们说
你们现在比我好多了
想想看 我花了40年的时间却什么也没证明出来
你知道吗 什么成就也没有
别跟我说这些 Don't tell me.
这对我来说只是个噩梦而已 This is my nightmare.
对你来说是个噩梦 但对我来说
我才花了30年在这上面 It's only 30 for me.
但现在我感到特别的害怕 At the moment, it's scary.
- 现在我也感到特别的害怕 - 非常害怕 - At the moment, it's scary. - It's scary.
在良心上我还多少说得过去
我也一直在纠结 但是
从现在外界的声音来看 确实感到有些耻辱
没错 然后我们得再等上好几年 - Yes, then we have to wait another couple of years
直到再次有进展 for the next round.
那时我们两个都不在人世了
我说的是再等两年就好 No, another two years, I'm saying...
是啊 首先那时候我肯定已经退休了
这个其实没什么影响 But still, it doesn't matter.
你会更加努力工作的 You'll be working harder.
这可不好说
但除了那件事 No, but independent of that,
至少你会知道真相是什么 I think you'll know the truth.
是的 当然 Yes, yes, no.
而那才是最重要的事 - And that's the important thing.
没错 你说得对
是的 你说得对 No, you're right. Yes, of course.
对于理论物理学家来说 - Coffee is a very serious business
咖啡是个很重要的东西 in the life of a theorist.
这不像是做研究的时候 It's not like physics research,
你需要先花上30年的时间 where you can wait for 30 years
然后才知道你做得到底对不对 before you know if you are right.
而咖啡只需几分钟就能泡好 Within a few minutes, it pays off.
如果成功了 那样很好 If you succeed, it's great.
如果失败了 大不了再花几分钟 If you fail, you get to try another one
重新泡一次 in another minute.
对于粒子物理学来说 In particle physics,
你得先花20年的时间 you construct a theory 20 years ago,
来建立一个理论 and it may take that long
在这段时间里你甚至不知道方向是否正确 before you know if you're on the right track.
在一次次的失败中徘徊 Jumping from failure to failure
却仍然没有丧失那份热情 with undiminished enthusiasm
这就是成功的秘诀 is the big secret to success.
那个 希格斯粒子的质量是140 GeV - Well, the hint that the Higgs was 140 GeV
的说法被推翻了 has disappeared.
从我们得到的最新数据来看 All of the new data that just came in
峰值并没有变高 didn't make the peak bigger.
而是被其它部分填补上了 It sort of filled in the gaps.
现在来看这个结果并不好 And now the peak doesn't look very good.
事实上 我们相信希格斯粒子 In fact, the belief is that it's gone away
的质量不可能是140 GeV and that the Higgs can't be 140 GeV.
为了证明我们的推论 In order for us to believe that we've discovered it,
我们需要那个峰值特别的高 that peak needs to be big
而且随着数据的不断叠加 那个峰值会不断增高 and basically keep growing as the data comes in.
这是一个统计学的问题 It's a statistical thing.
我们用希腊字母“σ”来表示 We call it the Greek letter "sigma."
如果峰值的高度达到了5σ If you reach a height of 5 sigma,
那就说明我们有了新发现 that's when you know that you've seen something.
而仅仅是因为巧合而发生的概率 And the probability that that just happens by accident
是350万分之一 is 1 in 31/2 million.
现在希格斯粒子的质量并不是140 But the Higgs, it's not at 140,
这对我们来说是件好事 which is a bit of a relief,
因为这样它的质量就更有可能是在115左右 because there's still hope it might be down around 115.
我们更喜欢115 We like 115,
因为如果希格斯粒子的质量有那么的轻的话 because if the Higgs is that light,
通过超对称理论可以得知 the theory says there has to be new particles,
一定还有新的粒子存在 like supersymmetry,
否则宇宙将极度不稳定 otherwise the universe is unstable.
它没法存在那么久 It wouldn't have survived this long.
这是世界上最好的 - This is one of the one of the few truly perfect
几处学术机构之一 academic institutions in the world.
在这里 你没有任何理由 I mean, there's no excuse...
完全没有任何理由 no excuse at all...
不去思考和工作 not to think and work
不去做事情 and get things done.
这也是唯一困扰我们的地方 That's its only problem.
在这里我们没有任何理由 There's no excuse at all not to think
不去工作和做事情 and work and get things done.
你不能为自己找任何借口 You can't blame it on anything if it doesn't work.
现在是超对称理论对阵多元宇宙论 - Okay, supersymmetry versus multiverse.
噢 天呐 Oh, boy.
好吧 All right.
那个 That's, uh...
如果你确定我们要这么玩的话 If we're going to start doing that,
那就有意思了 this is going to be interesting.
我们对于实验结果将指引我们朝什么方向前进 We have been anticipating that whatever happens
已经做好了心里准备 is going to throw the field in one direction or another.
噢 见鬼 Oh, shit!
现在所有的结果 Now that we're really on the doorstep
都建立在是否知道准确数值的前提下 of actually knowing the actual number,
我真的很想知道那个数值会是什么 I really care intensely about what that number is.
好吧 比我们想象的还要快 Well, faster than we thought,
就已经有新闻说我们将会对外公布 there's news that there's going to be another announcement
关于希格斯粒子的研究结果了 about the Higgs.
我已经听到太多太多的流言了 I've heard tons of rumors,
我在很多的博客和报纸上 and I've heard they're things on blogs,
都看到了关于这件事的报导 and there's already stuff in the newspaper.
离发布会还有18个小时 - 18 hours or so until the announcement,
我很想知道他们会怎么说 so I'm really looking forward to what they're going to say,
我想到现场看看 and I want to be there.
事实上 我想早点去现场 Actually, I'm thinking of going early in the morning,
或者让我体力更好的年轻同事 or I'll send my young colleagues,
提前去那里帮我占个位置 who have more stamina to sit and occupy a chair for me.
现在是2012年 It is July 3rd...
7月3日的晚上 the night of July 3, 2012,
我正在开往布林斯顿大学高等研究院的路上 and I am driving to Princeton, to the Institute,
去和尼玛还有他的同伴们聚一聚 to hang out with Nima and a big crowd,
我们会一直待到凌晨3点 who are all staying up until 3:00 in the morning
因为在日内瓦时间的早上9点 because they're going to present the Higgs data at CERN
他们将对外公布跟希格斯粒子有关的数据 at 9:00 in the morning Geneva time.
能够参与发现新的基本粒子这件事 Certainly the biggest thing that's happened...
无疑是我这辈子经历过的 the discovery of new fundamental particles...
最大事件 in my lifetime.
而且希格斯粒子和我们已知的 And the Higgs is a particle like no other,
所有其它粒子都不一样 like nothing we've ever seen before,
它很特殊 我们也对它一无所知 and it is weird, and we do not understand it,
然后 but...
然后我错过高速公路的出口了 but, uh... and I missed my exit.
欧洲粒子物理研究所礼堂 2012年7月4日 凌晨4点
5 6 7 8 9 Cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf.
这个椅子坏了 你需要特别的技巧才能坐上去 - You need quite some skills to sit on it.
- 但并不是不能坐上去 - 好的 - It's possible. - Okay.
椅子上丢了一个滚轮 - You know, there's one ball missing.
啊 好的 我看到了 Oh, it's, uh... exactly.
那个椅子也丢了一个滚轮 No, there's one ball missing,
每次坐上去你都会觉得要摔倒 so it's... you always think you fall down.
好的 Okay.
看看那些睡着了的人 - Look at some of these people, like, totally asleep.
他们枕着的是自己的睡袋 - Yeah, no, those are the sleeping bags.
音响已经打开了啊 My volume is up.
我不知道为什么没有声音 I don't know why I'm not getting sound.
这里应该有选项的吧 There isn't like, a thing on here with sound, is there?
这里谁会读唇术 Who reads lips here?
谁去看看他们那里有没有声音 - Can anyone see if they get sound?
试着连到他们的办公室看看 Try streaming it in their offices or something?
非常抱歉 我不知道是哪里出了问题 Many apologies, guys. I don't know what's going on.
- 看 是彼得·希格斯 - 是的 他来了 - Ah, Peter Higgs. - Ah, there he is.
- 他也来了 - 太棒了 - Here he is. - Very good.
彼得·希格斯
有人还拿着iPad Someone with an iPad.
我暑期上课的学生坐的座位都比他靠前 - Not as well seated as my summer student.
- 是啊 - 没错 - No! - Right.
竟然不给彼得·希格斯一个好一点的位置 Peter Higgs doesn't even get a good seat.
各位早上好 欢迎来到日内瓦 - Good morning, everybody here in Geneva.
鲁尔夫-迪特·赫尔 欧洲粒子物理研究所总干事
今天是个特殊的日子 Today is a special day:
我们有两个实验部门 we hear two presentations from the two experiments
要分别上台陈述 ATLAS and CMS.
我们就不按照字母表顺序了 We are starting in a non-alphabetical order,
有请紧凑渺子线圈实验部门的乔·因坎德拉 and I ask Joe Incandela from CMS to take the floor.
好的 Okay.
好了 Okay.
我现在要跟大家说下我们部门的进展和结果 So I will give the status of the CMS Higgs search.
首先要感谢所有参与紧凑渺子线圈实验的人 I want to really dedicate this to the CMS collaboration.
这是我们上周拍的照片 This is a picture we took last week.
我们举办了一个聚会 We had a party.
只有大概400到500人参加 This is only 400 or 500 people.
要知道这个项目一共有超过4千人参与 Remember, there are 4,000 people in the experiment.
而这个也不是正在使用的探测器 This is not the real CMS detector.
真正的那个在地下 That's down underground.
这个是在上面给我们备用的 This is the spare that we keep upstairs.
对于理论学家 只有这一张图 So one page for the theorists.
他们的付出也只有这些了 开个玩笑 That's all they deserve. No, I'm kidding.
这里展示的是一个标准模型 The Standard Model is here... is shown here.
这是我们已经知道的 This is what we know.
你在哪儿？！我们给你留位子了！
现在 我们 And we have now...
我到了 但现在已经禁止入场了
今年最重要的一件事 But one of the big stories of this year was,
正如你们这些圈内人士所知 as you know... those of you in the field...
就是粒子对撞 is pile-up.
我们要去处理那些 We had to deal with very intense beams
我们从没见过的 like never before seen in the field
高能量粒子间的相互作用 with many, many interactions,
在这张幻灯片里面 and this slide shows...
不同的颜色代表了不同的粒子 the colors correspond to tracks from different particles.
我们要从这些粒子里面 And it was in these kind of events
找到那个从来没有被发现过的粒子 that we're looking for one of the rarest particles ever made,
也就是希格斯粒子 and that's what we call the Higgs.
然后这个是我们上周的成果 And so this is where things stood last week.
正如你们所知 如果去看那个辐射校正的话 As you know, if you look at the radiative corrections...
如果你对这些理论相当了解的话 So if you know the W and top mass very well,
事实上你可以预测它的长度 you can actually predict a long band.
是的 是的 所以那是第四个 - Yeah, yeah, so we're there at four.
一个是位于美国的万亿电子伏特加速器 One at the Tevatron.
我们真的是发挥了全部的本领来计算这些数据 They really had a tour de force measurement.
噢 抱歉 现在好了 Ah, sorry, yeah, here it is.
最终我们获得了四个等级 - And we end up with four event classes...
行了 Ah, there it is!
好了 我们的结论是 - Okay, so, to wrap up, in summary:
玻色子是依随玻色-爱因斯坦统计 自旋为整数的粒子
我们观测到了一个新的玻色子 we conclude by saying that we have observed
它的质量是125.3 GeV 误差在正负0.6之间 a new boson with a mass of 125.3 plus or minus 0.6 GeV
标准差为4.9 at 4.9 standard deviations.
谢谢大家 Thank you.
125.3 125.3.
也就是说 Okay, so now...
什么 125？ Wow, 125?
你有超环面仪器实验的结果么 Do you know ATLAS's result?
不是这个 This isn't...
你听见了吗 You heard about this?
好了 Okay.
我想我现在能说的就是恭喜各位 I think I can only say congratulations to everybody.
之后我再发表我的言论 I will say a few words more later.
现在有请超环面仪器实验部门的负责人 Now we go immediately to ATLAS.
法比奥拉·吉亚诺蒂发言 Fabiola Gianotti, please.
谢谢 Thank you.
早上好 Good morning.
很高兴今天能与大家分享 ATLAS is very pleased to present here today
我们对于标准模型中希格斯粒子的研究结果 updated results on Standard Model Higgs searches
逆飞靶是用来量度目标截面上每飞靶面积中的 粒子撞击事件的总数 1逆飞靶约等于70 x 10¹²次碰撞
基于2011年和2012年收集的 based on up to 10.7 inverse femtobarn of data
总数为10.7逆飞靶的数据 recorded in 2011 and 2012,
能够在这样的场合与大家分享我们的成果 and it's a big honor and a big emotion for me
我感到非常的荣幸同时也非常的激动 to represent this fantastic collaboration at this occasion.
下面我就直接公布我们的结果了 So let's go to the results for this channel.
你们可以看到2011年和2012年的数据 You can see here the results for the 2011 to 2012
以及综合这两年在一起的数据 and the combination of the two.
γ喷注和具有单喷注或者 The gamma jet and jet-jet background
双喷注的喷注背景是 with one or both jet...
要求在光子周围 requirement that the energy
锥形空间内的能量要低于 in a cone around the photon is below...
通过大型强子对撞机产生的具有3个群聚 a structure which reproduces very well
的结构很符合我们的要求 the LHC bunch rate with three bunch,
能隙很小 small gaps...
之后我们采集了 so then, of course, we collect...
说的没错 Yeah.
在这个水平上几个GeV和几百个GeV - A few GeV and a few hundred GeV at the level...
适合具有指数函数的9个不同类型 is fit in the nine different categories
以模拟这个背景 with an exponential function to model the background,
因此 没有理论预测 so, no theoretical prediction,
也不需要蒙特卡洛算法 no Monte Carlo.
背景对照数值是由所测能谱的边带 The background is determined from the side bands
决定的 of the possible signal.
通过这个光谱 From this spectrum,
将背景对照值同步 我们就得到了这个图表 the background fit, you get this plot here.
现在 我们把这些数据合成在一起 Now the grand combination.
就要来了 Here it goes.
这个分布图非常的简洁 - So this distribution is extremely clean,
除了在这个地方有一个明显的峰值 except one big spike here... in this region here.
这个峰值的高度是5σ Excess with a local significance of 5.0 sigma
对应的质量是126.5 GeV at a mass of 126.5 GeV.
太好了 Good.
作为一个外行人 我想说 As a layman, I would now say,
我觉得我们找到了 "I think we have it."
来 林恩 跟大家打个招呼 Lyn, come here. - Come here!
好了 Okay.
- 彼得也来了 - 彼得也在 - There's Peter. - Peter is there.
- 是啊 把他请上来 - 彼得来了 - Yeah. Get Peter. - Peter's there.
彼得 说两句吧 Peter!
我想由衷的祝贺 - Well, I would like to add my congratulations
所有参与达成这个伟大成就的人们 to everybody involved in this tremendous achievement.
对我来说 这是我一生中 For me, it's really an incredible thing
所经历过的最难忘的事 that it has happened in my lifetime.
不光是你 我们也一样 彼得 - Not only in your lifetime, Peter.
完美的一天 对吧 That's a great day, huh?
绝对是完美的一天 That's a great day.
我觉得所有人 And I think all of us,
包括在现场的各位 and all of the people outside watching it
以及通过其他渠道观看的 in the different meeting rooms,
所有参与这个项目的人 everybody who was involved and is involved in the project
都会感到无比自豪 can be proud of this day.
享受这一切吧 Okay, enjoy it.
我们找到希格斯粒子了 We found the Higgs!
科学家们在今早宣布 - Scientists this morning announced
他们几乎可以确定已经找到了 they are almost certain they have discovered
那个被称为“上帝粒子”的物质 what's being called the "God Particle."
像这种一群科学家 It is not every day
围在一起喝香槟庆祝的场面 that you see a whole bunch of scientists
并不是每天都能见到的 standing up with champagne bottles and cheering.
这个上帝粒子 以前物理学家们听到这个词 - Now, the God Particle, we physicists wince
都会下意识地打个冷颤 when we hear those words...
这是科学家们花费了数十年 - It's the last piece of the puzzle
终于寻找到的最后一块拼图碎片 physicists have been looking for for decades.
- 谢谢大家 - 谢谢各位的到场 - Thank you all. - Thank you for your attention.
谢谢所有幕后英雄 Thanks to everybody on the panel.
我希望大家能再多坐几分钟 If I could just ask you all to remain seated
几分钟就好 just for a few minutes.
请让一让 Clear passage here, please.
请让一让 谢谢 Clear passage here, please.
能让我过一下吗 Can we have a clear passage?
- 谢谢你 - 谢谢你 - Thank you. - Thank you.
恭喜 Congratulations.
感谢 非常感谢 Thank you. Thank you.
当时有很多媒体 还有人从奥地利打来电话
所有人好像都知道了
我跟我母亲聊天的时候发现连她都知道
还有联合国信息服务部的部长
他们全都知道这件事
能给我盛点番茄色拉吗
好吧 这件事更重要
当宣布发现希格斯粒子的时候我特别的自豪 - I did feel a sense of pride when the Higgs was announced,
同时我也为我们整个人类感到自豪 but I felt a sense of pride for humanity,
我们只是一群脑袋小小的生物 that, you know, we little people on a little planet
生活在一颗小小的星球上 with tiny brains
然而却理解到了那么深层次的世界 can go so deep and understand what happens.
我们现在讨论的是以亚核为单位的世界 Now we're talking about subnuclear distances
比原子核还要小几千倍 a thousand times smaller than an atomic nucleus.
不管怎么说 我们做到了 Nevertheless, we can get things right,
这就是人类的智慧 and just the power of the human mind.
有的自然法则可以被数学公式解释 It's astonishing that there are any laws of nature at all,
这件事是个惊人的发现 that they're describable by mathematics,
而这些数学公式是人们理解自然界 that mathematics is a tool that humans can understand,
甚至记录下自然法则的一个工具 that the laws of nature can be written on a page.
这是所有神秘的事物中最伟大的一个 It's the greatest of all mysteries.
我总感觉到大自然仿佛在跟我们说话 There is a strong sense that we are hearing nature talk to us.
最终结果是 希格斯粒子 Turns out, the Higgs mass
确实是个神奇的东西 is about as interesting as it could be.
它就像是在无人区一样 It's sort of in no man's land.
既不表现出对称性 It doesn't prefer symmetries,
也不属于多元宇宙 and it doesn't prefer multiverse,
而是介乎这两者之间 but it's right in the middle.
这些数据因为并不包含于任何一个理论 The data is puzzling enough
从而显得非常难以理解 that it hasn't excluded any of the theories
我参与了数据处理 I was involved with,
但是也无法证明那些理论 but it hasn't confirmed them either.
除非我们能够看透希格斯粒子的本质 But until we look at detailed properties of the Higgs,
或许在许多年后当我们有能力 and until we have the high-energy version
在更高能量的条件下进行粒子对撞 of the LHC in a couple of years,
那时我们才能真正了解它 we will not be able to make a stronger statement.
在这次发现希格斯粒子的实验中 - The most important, first lesson
最重要的一件事就是 of the discovery of the Higgs
我们的物理学理论是正确的 is that physics works.
一方面 The Higgs, on the one hand,
希格斯粒子帮我们完善了 completes the most successful scientific theory
最成功的一个理论 we've ever had,
另一方面 on the other hand, opens the door
它为我们打开了通往未来的大门 to some very major paradoxes that we now must address.
现在我们遇到了一个转折点 We're at a fork in the road, and the LHC
大型强子对撞机可以帮助我们 is steadfastly refusing to push us
沿着这条路一直走下去 in one direction or the other:
这条路可能朝着多元宇宙论的方向 the multiverse on the one side,
也可能朝着超对称理论的方向 and some beautiful symmetry on the other side.
它正在一步步为我们揭开悬念 It's cranking up the suspense as much as it possibly can.
在这个实验开始前 我们一直在说 - Before the LHC started, we would always say,
“新的物理现象就要被发现了” "New physics is just around the corner."
而现在 我们却说 And now we're kind of like,
“还有很多物理现象在等着我们呢” "New physics is still out there."
对我来说 我并不反对上面这个观点 And, for one, I'm not discouraged by this,
因为我们已经知道了 by any means, because we know
一定会有新的物理现象 that new physics has to be out there.
下一步我们将会关停对撞机 The next step is, the LHC goes into a shutdown,
然后花上两年的时间来检修和升级 stays off for two years for improvements and upgrades,
届时它的能量将比现在高一倍 and when it returns, it's going to be twice the energy.
当然 我还是偏向于相信超对称理论 And for sure, my vote's for supersymmetry.
天哪 Jesus.
我实在是太激动了 That was exciting.
如果真如结果显示的那样 If this is true,
希格斯粒子的质量大概是125 GeV the Higgs is about 125 GeV,
那就意味着 and that means...
基本上我之前搭建的所有模型 um, yeah, actually almost all of my models
都是错误的 are ruled out,
所有关于超对称理论的模型 which... all the supersymmetry models,
不过这样也挺好的 which is pretty cool.
毕竟超对称理论可能还是正确的 I mean, supersymmetry could still be true,
但可能会是一个更为奇怪的观点 but it would have to be a very strange version of the theory.
如果多元宇宙论是正确的 And if it's the multiverse...
当然如果真的存在那么多宇宙也不错 well, other universes would be amazing, of course,
但这也意味着我们不会再发现任何新的粒子了 but it could also mean no other new particles discovered,
因为希格斯粒子所拥有的125 GeV质量 and then a Higgs with a mass of 125
对于我们的宇宙来说已经是极限了 is right at a critical point for the fate of our universe.
如果没有其他的粒子 Without any other new particles,
那么希格斯粒子将会很不稳定 that Higgs is unstable.
它只会存在很短的时间 It's temporary.
正因为希格斯粒子是把万物联系在一起的物质 And since the Higgs holds everything together,
如果希格斯粒子消失了 那万物将不复存在 if the Higgs goes, everything goes.
一想到希格斯粒子 It's amazing that the Higgs,
正是我们一直在寻找的 the center of the Standard Model,
标准模型的核心 the thing we've all been looking for,
但同时它又可以毁灭万物 could actually also be the thing that destroys everything.
它是造物者同时也是毁灭者 The creator and the destroyer.
但是我们也有可能会发现其他粒子 But we could discover new particles,
上述的担忧也都不会发生 and then none of that would be true.
无论如何 我们的路还很长 And anyway, we have something to do.
但丁的《神曲》里面有这么一段话 - There is a very nice sentence in the Divine Comedy by Dante
意思是“我们的存在并不是 which means, "We were not born
为了像动物那样生存 "to live as animals,
沃纳·赫尔佐格导演的电影《忘梦洞》
而是为了追求真善美” but to pursue knowledge and virtue."
所以科学和知识是非常重要的 So science and knowledge are very important,
就像艺术对我们很重要一样 like art is very important.
这是人类的一个需求 It's a need of mankind.
两个星期前 I just saw, two weeks ago,
我看到沃纳·赫尔佐格 Werner Herzog talking about
在宣传他的新电影 and then screening his new movie.
那部电影讲的是 But it was about these incredible caves
几年前在法国发现的一个惊人的岩洞 that they discovered a few years ago in France.
非常壮观 Stunningly beautiful.
墙上的原始壁画都非常美 Gorgeously drawn horses, bison,
画着马 野牛 犀牛还有狮子 rhinoceros, lions,
因为在4万年前 because, 40,000 years ago,
那里就是这样的 this is what was going on there.
探索 或者说对科学探索来说 - In exploration... - and science is exploration...
绝对不能少了这样一群人 there needs to be the set of people
他们不受规则的约束 who have no rules,
敢于进入无人涉及领域 and they are going into the frontier
然后为后人留下一些奇怪的动物画像 and come back with the strange animals
造型奇特的石头 以及惊人的壁画 and the interesting rocks and the amazing pictures,
让我们知道当时都发生了什么 and to show us what's out there,
这就是探险精神 discover something.
为什么人类需要科学 Why do humans do science?
为什么人类需要艺术 Why do they do art?
这些看起来与我们的生存毫无关联的事 The things that are least important for our survival
却恰恰定义了我们作为人类的意义 are the very things that make us human.
2013年12月10日 诺贝尔物理学奖被授予给了弗朗索瓦·恩格勒特以及彼得·希格斯
大型强子对撞机本预计于2008年10月21日开始进行低能量对撞实验
但因为用来冷却超导磁铁的液态氦发生严重的泄漏而被迫延后
据推测是因为接点处链接不良 在高电流的情况下导致熔毁所致
依据欧洲核子研究组织的安全条例 必须将磁铁升回到室温后详细检查才能继续运转
这需要三到四周的时间
再要冷却回运作温度 还需要三到四周的时间
如此正好遇上预定的年度检修进程 又延迟了开始运作时间
2009年11月23日 大型强子对撞机经行了修复完成后的第一次试撞
2015年4月5日 经过两年的精心维护和升级 大型强子对撞机再次启动
进行13TeV质子质子碰撞试验 几次探索未知领域
例如寻找暗物质 分析希格斯粒子 研究夸克-胶子等离子体等等
最新的更新是 2015年7月7日 系统全部调试完成
质子与质子相撞成功 下一轮的实验数据采集工作已经开始
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